There are mainly the following methods to obtain stack traces in C: 1. Use backtrace and backtrace_symbols functions on Linux platform. By including obtaining the call stack and printing symbol information, the -rdynamic parameter needs to be added when compiling; 2. Use CaptureStackBackTrace function on Windows platform, and you need to link DbgHelp.lib and rely on PDB file to parse the function name; 3. Use third-party libraries such as GoogleBreakpad or Boost.Stacktrace to cross-platform and simplify stack capture operations; 4. In exception handling, combine the above methods to automatically output stack information in catch blocks

To call Python code in C, you must first initialize the interpreter, and then you can achieve interaction by executing strings, files, or calling specific functions. 1. Initialize the interpreter with Py_Initialize() and close it with Py_Finalize(); 2. Execute string code or PyRun_SimpleFile with PyRun_SimpleFile; 3. Import modules through PyImport_ImportModule, get the function through PyObject_GetAttrString, construct parameters of Py_BuildValue, call the function and process return

In C, there are three main ways to pass functions as parameters: using function pointers, std::function and Lambda expressions, and template generics. 1. Function pointers are the most basic method, suitable for simple scenarios or C interface compatible, but poor readability; 2. Std::function combined with Lambda expressions is a recommended method in modern C, supporting a variety of callable objects and being type-safe; 3. Template generic methods are the most flexible, suitable for library code or general logic, but may increase the compilation time and code volume. Lambdas that capture the context must be passed through std::function or template and cannot be converted directly into function pointers.

In C, the POD (PlainOldData) type refers to a type with a simple structure and compatible with C language data processing. It needs to meet two conditions: it has ordinary copy semantics, which can be copied by memcpy; it has a standard layout and the memory structure is predictable. Specific requirements include: all non-static members are public, no user-defined constructors or destructors, no virtual functions or base classes, and all non-static members themselves are PODs. For example structPoint{intx;inty;} is POD. Its uses include binary I/O, C interoperability, performance optimization, etc. You can check whether the type is POD through std::is_pod, but it is recommended to use std::is_trivia after C 11.

std::move does not actually move anything, it just converts the object to an rvalue reference, telling the compiler that the object can be used for a move operation. For example, when string assignment, if the class supports moving semantics, the target object can take over the source object resource without copying. Should be used in scenarios where resources need to be transferred and performance-sensitive, such as returning local objects, inserting containers, or exchanging ownership. However, it should not be abused, because it will degenerate into a copy without a moving structure, and the original object status is not specified after the movement. Appropriate use when passing or returning an object can avoid unnecessary copies, but if the function returns a local variable, RVO optimization may already occur, adding std::move may affect the optimization. Prone to errors include misuse on objects that still need to be used, unnecessary movements, and non-movable types

The iterator in C is a tool for traversing container elements, which acts as a bridge between the container and the algorithm. It accesses and manipulates data like a pointer without manually managing indexes. Iterator types include: 1. Input iterator (read-only, forward); 2. Output iterator (write-only, forward); 3. Forward iterator (read-write, multi-pass support); 4. Bidirectional iterator (movable forward and backward, such as list, set); 5. Random access iterator (fastest, such as vector, deque). Using iterators can abstract container implementation details, improve code flexibility and reusability, and be compatible with standard library functions such as std::copy and std::transform. Common errors include: dereference invalid iterator, mixed use

In C, the mutable keyword is used to allow the object to be modified, even if the object is declared as const. Its core purpose is to maintain the logical constants of the object while allowing internal state changes, which are commonly found in cache, debug counters and thread synchronization primitives. When using it, mutable must be placed before the data member in the class definition, and it only applies to data members rather than global or local variables. In best practice, abuse should be avoided, concurrent synchronization should be paid attention to, and external behavior should be ensured. For example, std::shared_ptr uses mutable to manage reference counting to achieve thread safety and const correctness.

To use C for high frequency trading (HFT), focus on performance, stability, and low latency. 1. Master the underlying system knowledge, including CPU caching mechanism, system call overhead and using perf tools to analyze hot spots; 2. Optimize compiler options and code structure, such as enabling -O3, LTO, reducing the use of virtual functions, and optimizing the structure layout; 3. Use zero-copy technology, non-blocking UDP, batch data processing to achieve low-latency network communication, and use shared memory or RDMA if necessary; 4. Emphasize debugging and testing strategies, including static analysis, unit testing, stress testing and light-weight logging, and verify the correctness of logic in combination with the simulator.