What are file permissions in Linux?
Linux file permissions control file access by reading (r), writing (w), and executing (x) and being divided into user (u), group (g), and other (o). 1. Use ls-l to view permissions, such as -rw-r---- represents file type and user permissions. 2. Use chmod to modify permissions, and support symbolic modes (such as chmodu xfile) and digital modes (such as chmod644file). 3. Common settings include 644 (file), 755 (executable script), and directory execution permissions. 4. Best practices To avoid excessive open permissions, use 777 with caution, pay attention to ownership and use umask or ACL to manage default permissions.
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:38 AM
How to create a bootable Linux USB drive on Windows?
The key to making a bootable Linux USB drive is to select the right tool and follow the steps. First, prepare a USB drive of at least 8GB and back up the data, and download the official Linux ISO file; secondly, it is recommended to use Rufus tool, insert the USB drive and load the ISO file and click "Start" to write; in addition, Ventoy can be used to enable multi-system startup or manually operate with command line tools (requires administrator permissions). Finally, make sure that the BIOS settings are correct before starting the test, enable LegacyBoot and turn off SecureBoot. If it still cannot be started, try to switch the partition scheme.
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:36 AM
How to check my hardware information in Linux?
To view hardware information in Linux system, you can use the following tools: 1. Use lscpu or /proc/cpuinfo to check CPU details; 2. Get memory information through free or vmstat; 3. Use lshw to obtain a complete hardware overview; 4. Use lsblk and df to view disk and storage information. Specifically, lscpu displays architecture, core count and threads, etc. /proc/cpuinfo provides underlying details such as virtualization support; free-h displays easy-to-read memory usage, vmstat-s provides advanced memory statistics; installing and running lshw can list all hardware components, and can generate easy-to-read formats through -short or -html; lsbl
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:34 AM
How to access the BIOS or UEFI in Windows 10?
To enter the BIOS or UEFI setting interface of Windows 10, the most direct way is to restart through system settings and select the corresponding options. The specific operations are: 1. Open the "Start Menu" or press the Win key, click the power icon, and click "Restart" while holding the Shift key to enter the recovery environment; 2. Select Troubleshooting > Advanced Options > UEFI Firmware Settings, and click "Restart" to enter the UEFI setting interface of the motherboard. In addition, you can also use the traditional method to press the corresponding shortcut keys when powering on, such as Lenovo/ThinkPad uses F1, F2 or Enter, Dell uses F2 or Esc, HP uses Esc or F10, Asus ASUS uses F2 or D
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:31 AM
What is FileVault on Mac?
FileVault is worth using. It protects data security on macOS devices through full disk encryption, preventing data from being illegally accessed when the device is lost or stolen. When enabled, all data will be encrypted and can only be accessed by users who have entered the correct login credentials. To enable FileVault, go to System Settings > Privacy and Security, click the lock icon to make changes, select FileVault and click "Open FileVault". After enabled, the pre-login interface will be displayed every time you start the Mac, and you need to enter a password to unlock the disk. Only users marked "FileVault Enabled" can log in, and a recovery key will be provided. It is recommended to save it properly or bind it to your iCloud account. Suitable for carrying a laptop or
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:30 AM
How to activate Windows with a digital license?
The key to activate a Windows digital license is that hardware binding is associated with a Microsoft account. 1. The digital license automatically binds a valid key that has been activated or the OEM key of the preinstalled system; 2. Check the activation status and use "Settings" or command slmgr/xpr; 3. When reinstalling the system or replacing hardware, you can log in to the original account and use "Troubleshooting" to restore the license; 4. If the motherboard cannot be activated, you need to contact Microsoft customer service to assist in processing.
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:28 AM
Is Linux harder to learn than Windows for a beginner?
Yes,LinuxhasasteeperlearningcurvethanWindowsformostbeginners,mainlyduetofamiliarity.1.DifferentinterfacesandnavigationacrossLinuxdistroscanbeconfusing,unlikeWindows'consistentlayout.2.SoftwareinstallationinvolvesmultiplemethodslikeAPT,Snap,or.debfile
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:24 AM
What is the difference between a declarative and a scripted pipeline in Jenkins?
The main difference between declarative pipelines and scripted pipelines in Jenkins is syntax, structure and ease of use. The declarative pipeline adopts a predefined structure, has clear syntax, is suitable for teamwork and is easy to maintain; while the scripted pipeline is based on GroovyDSL, which is more flexible but requires programming knowledge. 1. The declarative pipeline clearly divides logical blocks through keywords such as pipeline, agent, stages, etc. to reduce the probability of errors; 2. The script pipeline is written using node blocks, which is more free but more complex, suitable for advanced users; 3. The declarative supports built-in instructions such as environment and triggers, making it more convenient to integrate plug-ins; 4. The scripting performance in dynamic generation stage and complex logic control
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:24 AM
What is process substitution in Bash?
ProcesssubstitutioninBashworksbytreatingtheoutputofacommandasafile,allowingittobepassedtocommandsthatexpectfilenames.1.Ituses(...)foroutput,creatingtemporaryfiledescriptorslike/dev/fd/63.2.Thisenablescomparingcommandoutputswithtoolslikediff,feedingda
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:23 AM
What does the sudo command mean in Linux?
Sudo stands for "superuser execution" or "alternative user execution" in Linux, which allows authorized users to run programs with permissions of another user (usually root). The reasons for its existence include: 1. Improve security and prevent direct logging into the root account; 2. Reduce errors, because each use requires explicit calls; 3. Convenient logging and auditing; 4. Avoid maintaining the highest permissions for a long time. The usage method is to add sudo before the command that needs to be raised, such as sudoaptupdate. Common scenarios include installing software, editing system configuration files, restarting services, etc. Regarding permission management, only users who belong to a specific group (such as sudo or wheel) can use sudo, and can be used through /etc/sudo.
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:22 AM
How to disable the lock screen in Windows 10?
Windows 10 can skip the lock screen interface through Group Policy or registry. 1. Users of the Professional Edition and above can open the Group Policy Editor (gpedit.msc), enter "Computer Management → Administrative Templates → Control Panel → Personalization", and enable the "Don't Show Lock Screen Interface" option; 2. Users of the Home Edition need to implement it through the registry, locate it to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows, create a new Personalization key and create a NoLockScreen value (set to 1); 3. It is recommended to back up the registry before operation; 4. You can further set automatic login, WindowsHello or P
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:19 AM
Does upgrading to Windows 11 delete my files?
Upgrading to Windows 11 will not delete files by default, provided that the correct installation option is selected. 1. The standard upgrade is carried out through Windows Update or the official installation assistant, retaining personal files, applications and settings; 2. Clean installation will erase all content on the drive, suitable for repairing deep system problems or starting over, but requires a backup in advance; 3. Although Windows will protect data, it is still recommended to copy important files to external drives or cloud storage before upgrading and verify the backup effectiveness; 4. Before upgrading, confirm that the device meets the minimum requirements, such as TPM2.0, at least 4GB of memory and 64GB of storage, a supported processor, and use the Microsoft PCHealthCheck application to check compatibility.
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:17 AM
How to safely install linux with windows
The key to installing dual systems of Linux and Windows is to operate safely to avoid data loss and startup problems. The specific steps include: 1. Back up the data before partitioning, and use a mobile hard disk or network disk to save personal files; 2. Turn off the Windows Quick Boot function to prevent partition recognition abnormalities; 3. Correctly divide Linux partitions. Newbie recommends selecting the "Coexist with Windows" option. Manual partitioning requires retaining the EFI partition, setting the root partition (at least 20GB), home directory (/home) and swap partition (swap); 4. If there is a startup problem after installation, you can run sudoupdate-grub to repair the GRUB menu, check the BIOS settings, or repair the boot records through the Linux boot disk.
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:13 AM
What is a Persistent Volume (PV) and a Persistent Volume Claim (PVC)?
APersistentVolume(PV)isaclusterresourcethatrepresentsavailablestorage,whileaPersistentVolumeClaim(PVC)isauser'srequestforstorage.1.PVsarepre-provisionedordynamicallycreatedstorageresourceswithdefinedpropertiessuchassizeandaccessmodes.2.PVCsrequestspe
Jun 29, 2025 am 12:10 AM
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