There is a parent-child relationship between functions and goroutines in Go. The parent goroutine creates the child goroutine, and the child goroutine can access the variables of the parent goroutine but not vice versa. Create a child goroutine using the go keyword, and the child goroutine is executed through an anonymous function or a named function. A parent goroutine can wait for child goroutines to complete via sync.WaitGroup to ensure that the program does not exit before all child goroutines have completed.

Methods for ensuring thread safety of volatile variables in Java: Visibility: Ensure that modifications to volatile variables by one thread are immediately visible to other threads. Atomicity: Ensure that certain operations on volatile variables (such as writing, reading, and comparison exchanges) are indivisible and will not be interrupted by other threads.

The C++ concurrent programming framework features the following options: lightweight threads (std::thread); thread-safe Boost concurrency containers and algorithms; OpenMP for shared memory multiprocessors; high-performance ThreadBuildingBlocks (TBB); cross-platform C++ concurrency interaction Operation library (cpp-Concur).

Functions are used to perform tasks sequentially and are simple and easy to use, but they have problems with blocking and resource constraints. Goroutine is a lightweight thread that executes tasks concurrently. It has high concurrency, scalability, and event processing capabilities, but it is complex to use, expensive, and difficult to debug. In actual combat, Goroutine usually has better performance than functions when performing concurrent tasks.

Thread-safe memory management in C++ ensures data integrity by ensuring that no data corruption or race conditions occur when multiple threads access shared data simultaneously. Key Takeaway: Implement thread-safe dynamic memory allocation using smart pointers such as std::shared_ptr and std::unique_ptr. Use a mutex (such as std::mutex) to protect shared data from simultaneous access by multiple threads. Practical cases use shared data and multi-thread counters to demonstrate the application of thread-safe memory management.

Methods for inter-thread communication in C++ include: shared memory, synchronization mechanisms (mutex locks, condition variables), pipes, and message queues. For example, use a mutex lock to protect a shared counter: declare a mutex lock (m) and a shared variable (counter); each thread updates the counter by locking (lock_guard); ensure that only one thread updates the counter at a time to prevent race conditions.

The volatile keyword is used to modify variables to ensure that all threads can see the latest value of the variable and to ensure that modification of the variable is an uninterruptible operation. Main application scenarios include multi-threaded shared variables, memory barriers and concurrent programming. However, it should be noted that volatile does not guarantee thread safety and may reduce performance. It should only be used when absolutely necessary.

Program performance optimization methods include: Algorithm optimization: Choose an algorithm with lower time complexity and reduce loops and conditional statements. Data structure selection: Select appropriate data structures based on data access patterns, such as lookup trees and hash tables. Memory optimization: avoid creating unnecessary objects, release memory that is no longer used, and use memory pool technology. Thread optimization: identify tasks that can be parallelized and optimize the thread synchronization mechanism. Database optimization: Create indexes to speed up data retrieval, optimize query statements, and use cache or NoSQL databases to improve performance.