In-depth study of the underlying development principles of PHP: session management and state retention methods

1. Foreword

In modern Web development , session management and state retention are very important parts. Whether it is the maintenance of user login status or the maintenance of shopping cart and other status, session management and status maintenance technology are required. In the underlying development of PHP, we need to understand the principles and methods of session management and state retention in order to better design and tune our web applications.

2. Basics of Session Management

Session refers to an interactive process between the client and the server. In PHP, sessions are used to store and maintain user state information. PHP provides different session management mechanisms, including cookies, URL rewriting, hidden form fields, etc. The most commonly used one is the cookie mechanism.

2.1 Cookie session management

Cookie is a mechanism for storing data on the client side, which can store data in the user's browser. In PHP, we can set cookies by using the setcookie() function. Here is a simple example:

setcookie("username", "john", time() + 3600, "/");

The above code will create a cookie named "username" and set its value to "john". The third parameter is the expiration time of the cookie, which is set to the current time of 3600 seconds, that is, the cookie will expire in one hour. The last parameter is the scope of the cookie. Setting it to "/" means that the cookie applies to the entire website.

To get the value of Cookie, you can use the $_COOKIE array. For example:

echo $_COOKIE["username"];

The above code will output the value named "username" in the cookie.

2.2 Transmission of session ID

When using Cookie session management, you need to pay attention to the transmission of session ID. Typically, the session ID is stored on the client in the form of a cookie. When the user makes the next request, the session ID is automatically sent to the server so that the server can continue to maintain session state.

However, in some cases, the user's browser may disable Cookies, which will result in the session ID not being delivered properly. To solve this problem, PHP provides two alternatives: URL rewriting and hiding form fields.

2.2.1 URL Rewriting

URL rewriting is the way to pass the session ID as part of the URL parameters. For example:

<a href="page.php?session_id=<?php echo session_id(); ?>">Link</a>

The above code passes the session ID as a query parameter with the parameter name of "session_id".

On the server side, you can use the session_id() function to get the session ID passed in the URL, and set the session ID through the session_id() function. For example:

session_id($_GET["session_id"]);
session_start();

The above code will start the session using the session ID passed in the URL.

2.2.2 Hidden form fields

Hidden form fields are a way to pass the session ID in the form of a hidden field. For example:

<form action="page.php" method="post">
  <input type="hidden" name="session_id" value="<?php echo session_id(); ?>">
  <input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

The above code passes the session ID as a hidden field to the form field named "session_id".

On the server side, you can use the $_POST array to get the session ID passed by the hidden form field, and set the session ID through the session_id() function. For example:

session_id($_POST["session_id"]);
session_start();

The above code will start the session using the session ID passed in the hidden form field.

3. State retention method

In addition to session management, state retention is also a very important part. PHP provides a variety of state retention methods, including Session, database and cache. Let’s introduce each of these methods below.

3.1 Session state retention

Session is a server-side method of storing state, which can be used to maintain user login status and other information. In PHP, we can use the $_SESSION array to store and access Session. For example:

$_SESSION["username"] = "john";

The above code will create a Session named "username" and set its value to "john". To get the value of Session, you can use the $_SESSION array:

echo $_SESSION["username"];

The above code will output the value named "username" in Session.

When using Session state persistence, you need to make sure to use the session_start() function in each script to start the session. For example:

session_start();

3.2 Database state persistence

Database state persistence is a method of storing state information in the database and can be used for state management across sessions and requests. In PHP, we can use MySQL, SQLite and other databases to maintain database state.

First, we need to create a table to store status information. For example, the following is a creation statement for a table named "users":

CREATE TABLE users (
  id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
  username VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
  password VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL
);

Next, when logging in, we can store the user's status information in the database. For example:

// 連接數(shù)據(jù)庫
$pdo = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=test", "username", "password");

// 插入狀態(tài)信息
$stmt = $pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO users (username, password) VALUES (:username, :password)");
$stmt->bindParam(":username", $username);
$stmt->bindParam(":password", $password);
$stmt->execute();

In subsequent requests, we can obtain and update the user's status information by querying the database. For example:

// 查詢狀態(tài)信息
$stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = :username");
$stmt->bindParam(":username", $username);
$stmt->execute();
$user = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

3.3 Cache state retention

Cache state retention is a method of storing state information in the cache server, which can be used to improve access speed and reduce the number of database accesses. In PHP, we can use cache servers such as Memcached and Redis to maintain cache state.

First, we need to connect to a cache server. For example, here is an example connection using Memcached:

$memcached = new Memcached();
$memcached->addServer("localhost", 11211);

Next, upon login, we can store the user's state information in the cache server. For example:

$memcached->set("user:" . $username, $userinfo, 3600);

在后續(xù)的請求中，我們可以通過查詢緩存服務(wù)器來獲取和更新用戶的狀態(tài)信息。例如：

$userinfo = $memcached->get("user:" . $username);

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