The key to debugging Go code is to master the core ideas and tools. 1. Printing is the most basic and effective method. Use fmt.Println or log library to confirm the variable value and execution path. The structure can use %v to output details and locate the process location through the hierarchical log; 2. Use the Delve debugger when encountering complex problems, which supports breakpoints, view stacks and variables. It can be operated through the command line or IDE plug-in; 3. Check goroutine and deadlock problems, use -race to detect competition, select{} blocking to observe the exit situation, and combine pprof to view the goroutine status; 4. Use pprof to analyze performance bottlenecks, import the net/http/pprof package and start the HTTP server, access the specified port to obtain CPU and memory metrics, and download the profile file to analyze time-consuming functions. Choosing the right method is the key to successful debugging.
Debugging Go code is actually not mysterious and does not necessarily require complex tools. As long as you master several core ideas and common methods, most problems can be gradually investigated.
Printing is the most basic and effective method
Many novices want to use a debugger as soon as they come up, but the most direct and effective way is to "print". Go's fmt.Println or log library (such as log ) can quickly help you confirm variable values, execution paths and other issues.
- If it is a structure or map, you can use
% vto output more detailed content - Use hierarchical logs to facilitate positioning specific locations in the process
- Don't be afraid to call the log too much, just delete it after debugging
Sometimes you don't need something too complicated, and a simple print can let you find out where the problem lies.
Use Delve for breakpoint debugging
When you encounter relatively hidden problems, such as concurrency problems and state changes are difficult to track, it is necessary to use the debugger. Delve is a officially recommended debugging tool by Go, which supports setting breakpoints, viewing call stacks, variable values, etc.
Installing Delve is simple:
go install github.com/go-delve/delve/cmd/dlv@latest
Then you can run it from the command line:
dlv debug main.go
After entering debug mode, you can use break to set breakpoints, continue to execute with continue , and use print to view variable values. If you are using VS Code or GoLand, you can also configure the debug plug-in and directly graphically operate it.
It should be noted that some environments (such as remote servers) may not support graphical interfaces, and the command line method will be more practical at this time.
Check for goroutine and deadlock issues
Although Go's concurrency model is powerful, it can also cause hidden problems, such as goroutine leakage or deadlock. This type of problem is not easy to detect by printing, but there are several tips to help you troubleshoot:
- Run the program with the
-raceflag:go run -race main.gocan detect data race problems - Add a
select{}block before the program ends to see if there is a background goroutine that has not exited - Use the pprof tool to view the number of currently active goroutines and stack information
If you find that the number of goroutines increases abnormally, it is likely that there is no correct exit. Remember to check whether the channel is closed and whether it is stuck waiting for a signal that will never come.
Make good use of pprof to analyze performance bottlenecks
Sometimes the program runs slowly and takes up high resources, but no obvious errors can be seen. At this time, you can consider using the Pprof tool that comes with Go to analyze CPU and memory usage.
The startup method is very simple. Import _ "net/http/pprof" in the code and then enable an HTTP server:
go func() {
http.ListenAndServe(":6060", nil)
}() After that, visit http://localhost:6060/debug/pprof/ to see various indicators. You can download the CPU profile file for analysis and find the most time-consuming function calls.
This trick is very useful when troubleshooting performance issues, especially when online services are delayed.
Basically that's it. There is no fixed routine for debugging, the key is to choose appropriate tools and methods based on the phenomenon.
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