Polymorphism is a core concept in Python object-oriented programming, referring to "one interface, multiple implementations", allowing for unified processing of different types of objects. 1. Polymorphism is implemented through method rewriting. Subclasses can redefine parent class methods. For example, the spoke() method of Animal class has different implementations in Dog and Cat subclasses. 2. The practical uses of polymorphism include simplifying the code structure and enhancing scalability, such as calling the draw() method uniformly in the graphical drawing program, or handling the common behavior of different characters in game development. 3. Python implementation polymorphism needs to satisfy: the parent class defines a method, and the child class overrides the method, but does not require inheritance of the same parent class. As long as the object implements the same method, this is called the "duck type". 4. Things to note include the maintenance

Iterators are objects that implement __iter__() and __next__() methods. The generator is a simplified version of iterators, which automatically implement these methods through the yield keyword. 1. The iterator returns an element every time he calls next() and throws a StopIteration exception when there are no more elements. 2. The generator uses function definition to generate data on demand, saving memory and supporting infinite sequences. 3. Use iterators when processing existing sets, use a generator when dynamically generating big data or lazy evaluation, such as loading line by line when reading large files. Note: Iterable objects such as lists are not iterators. They need to be recreated after the iterator reaches its end, and the generator can only traverse it once.

TypehintsinPythonsolvetheproblemofambiguityandpotentialbugsindynamicallytypedcodebyallowingdeveloperstospecifyexpectedtypes.Theyenhancereadability,enableearlybugdetection,andimprovetoolingsupport.Typehintsareaddedusingacolon(:)forvariablesandparamete

A common method to traverse two lists simultaneously in Python is to use the zip() function, which will pair multiple lists in order and be the shortest; if the list length is inconsistent, you can use itertools.zip_longest() to be the longest and fill in the missing values; combined with enumerate(), you can get the index at the same time. 1.zip() is concise and practical, suitable for paired data iteration; 2.zip_longest() can fill in the default value when dealing with inconsistent lengths; 3.enumerate(zip()) can obtain indexes during traversal, meeting the needs of a variety of complex scenarios.

Assert is an assertion tool used in Python for debugging, and throws an AssertionError when the condition is not met. Its syntax is assert condition plus optional error information, which is suitable for internal logic verification such as parameter checking, status confirmation, etc., but cannot be used for security or user input checking, and should be used in conjunction with clear prompt information. It is only available for auxiliary debugging in the development stage rather than substituting exception handling.

To make an object a generator, you need to generate values ??on demand by defining a function containing yield, implementing iterable classes that implement \_\_iter\_ and \_next\_ methods, or using generator expressions. 1. Define a function containing yield, return the generator object when called and generate values ??successively; 2. Implement the \_\_iter\_\_ and \_\_next\_\_\_ in a custom class to control iterative logic; 3. Use generator expressions to quickly create a lightweight generator, suitable for simple transformations or filtering. These methods avoid loading all data into memory, thereby improving memory efficiency.

InPython,iteratorsareobjectsthatallowloopingthroughcollectionsbyimplementing__iter__()and__next__().1)Iteratorsworkviatheiteratorprotocol,using__iter__()toreturntheiteratorand__next__()toretrievethenextitemuntilStopIterationisraised.2)Aniterable(like

To call Python code in C, you must first initialize the interpreter, and then you can achieve interaction by executing strings, files, or calling specific functions. 1. Initialize the interpreter with Py_Initialize() and close it with Py_Finalize(); 2. Execute string code or PyRun_SimpleFile with PyRun_SimpleFile; 3. Import modules through PyImport_ImportModule, get the function through PyObject_GetAttrString, construct parameters of Py_BuildValue, call the function and process return