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Table of Contents
What happens during a collision?
How does HashMap improve performance during heavy collisions?
Practical tips for minimizing collisions
Home Java javaTutorial How does HashMap handle collisions?

How does HashMap handle collisions?

Jul 03, 2025 am 02:14 AM
hashmap Collision handling

When a HashMap in Java encounters collisions, it uses chaining to handle them. Each bucket can store multiple entries in a linked list or balanced tree. If two keys hash to the same index, they are stored together in that bucket, and the equals() method is used during retrieval to find the correct key. 1. Java doesn't overwrite existing entries unless keys are identical. 2. Java converts long linked lists into balanced trees (O(log n) lookup) when there are more than 8 nodes. 3. Keys must implement Comparable for tree conversion. 4. Properly override hashCode() and equals(), use immutable keys, and set high initial capacity to minimize collisions and optimize performance.

How does HashMap handle collisions?

When a HashMap in Java encounters collisions—meaning two different keys hash to the same index—it handles them using a technique called chaining. This means each bucket in the HashMap can hold multiple entries, typically stored in a linked list or, when performance demands it, a balanced tree.

What happens during a collision?

When you put a key-value pair into a HashMap and a collision occurs (i.e., two keys have the same hash code), Java doesn't overwrite the existing entry unless the keys are exactly the same. Instead, it adds the new entry to the same bucket using a data structure like a linked list.

Here’s how it works:

  • Each bucket in the HashMap array can store multiple entries.
  • If two keys hash to the same index, their entries are stored together in that bucket.
  • When retrieving a value, HashMap uses the equals() method to find the correct key among those stored in the same bucket.

This ensures that even with collisions, the correct value is returned for the given key.

How does HashMap improve performance during heavy collisions?

Java 8 introduced an optimization: if a bucket contains too many entries (by default, more than 8 nodes), the linked list in that bucket is converted into a balanced tree (a red-black tree). This change improves performance from O(n) to O(log n) for lookups in heavily collided buckets.

This only applies if the keys’ classes implement Comparable, which helps the tree maintain order. Otherwise, the bucket remains as a linked list.

This hybrid approach balances memory usage and performance, especially when dealing with poor hash functions or malicious input designed to cause collisions.

Practical tips for minimizing collisions

To keep your HashMap running efficiently, consider these suggestions:

  • Override hashCode() and equals() properly in your key classes to ensure consistent and well-distributed hash values.
  • Use immutable objects as keys whenever possible—this avoids unexpected behavior if the hash changes after insertion.
  • Avoid keys that produce predictable or similar hash codes to reduce clustering.
  • If you expect a large number of entries, initialize the HashMap with a higher initial capacity to reduce rehashing and bucket overcrowding.

These small steps can make a big difference in performance, especially in high-throughput applications.

Basically, HashMap handles collisions with chaining and smartly switches to trees when needed. It's not magic, just solid design and a few clever optimizations under the hood.

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