What are logical operators (and, not, only) in media queries?
Jun 28, 2025 am 01:34 AM
Logical operators and, not, and only in CSS media queries are used to combine or modify conditions to apply styles according to device characteristics. First, when using the and operator, multiple media characteristic conditions need to be connected. The style will take effect only if all conditions are true. For example, the screen width is between 768px and 1024px or the maximum width is 600px and is in a vertical screen state. Secondly, the not operator is used to negate the entire media query condition, and the style will be applied when the conditions are not true, such as excluding color printers or high-resolution screens; finally, the only operator is mainly used to prevent old browsers (such as IE8 and earlier versions) from mistakenly applying modern media query styles. It does not affect logical judgment by itself, but ensures that only modern browsers that support media query will handle the corresponding style.
When working with CSS media queries, logical operators like and , not , and only let you combine or modify conditions to apply styles based on different device characteristics. These operators help make your responsive design more precision by letting you layer rules together.
Using and to Combine Conditions
The and operator is used to chain multiple media features together. All conditions connected by and must be true for the styles to apply.
For example, if you want to target a screen that's both at least 768px wide and no more than 1024px:
@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px) {
/* Styles here apply only on screens between 768px and 1024px */
}A common use case is combining screen size with device orientation:
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) and (orientation: portrait) {
/* Styles for small portrait devices */
}- Think of
andlike an intersection — all parts need to match. - It's great when targeting very specific breakpoints or device traits.
Just remember that if any part of the condition fails, the entire rule is skipped.
Using not to Exclude a Condition
The not operator negates the entire media query. That means the styles will apply only if the condition is not met .
Say you want to prevent print styles from applying to color printers:
@media not print and (color) {
/* This won't apply to color printers */
}Another example might be excluding high-resolution screens:
@media not (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) {
/* Use simpler graphics for lower-res screens */
}- The
notkeyword apply to the whole query, not just one feature. - It can be tricky because it flips the logic — test carefully.
It doesn't work inside parentses, so keep it at the start of the query.
Using only to Hide Styles from Older Browsers
The only operator is mostly used as a workaround for older browsers that don't fully support media queries. It doesn't change the logic of the query itself but prevents legacy browsers from applying the styles.
For example:
@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {
/* Mobile styles */
} Old browsers (like IE8 and below) would ignore this block because they don't recognize only . Modern ones just treat it as a signal to parse the query normally.
- Use
onlywhen you're targeting specific modern devices and want to avoid style conflicts in outdated browsers. - You'll often see it paired with
screento make sure print styles aren't affected unintentionally.
You don't always need it these days, but including it can still be a safe practice when supporting older users.
That's how and , not , and only work in media queries — each helps shape when and how your styles get applied. Not too complicated once you break down what each does.
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