Java uses wrapper classes because basic data types cannot directly participate in object-oriented operations, and object forms are often required in actual needs; 1. Collection classes can only store objects, such as Lists use automatic boxing to store numerical values; 2. Generics do not support basic types, and packaging classes must be used as type parameters; 3. Packaging classes can represent null values ??to distinguish unset or missing data; 4. Packaging classes provide practical methods such as string conversion to facilitate data parsing and processing, so in scenarios where these characteristics are needed, packaging classes are indispensable.

Instance initialization blocks are used in Java to run initialization logic when creating objects, which are executed before the constructor. It is suitable for scenarios where multiple constructors share initialization code, complex field initialization, or anonymous class initialization scenarios. Unlike static initialization blocks, it is executed every time it is instantiated, while static initialization blocks only run once when the class is loaded.

Enums in Java are special classes that represent fixed number of constant values. 1. Use the enum keyword definition; 2. Each enum value is a public static final instance of the enum type; 3. It can include fields, constructors and methods to add behavior to each constant; 4. It can be used in switch statements, supports direct comparison, and provides built-in methods such as name(), ordinal(), values() and valueOf(); 5. Enumeration can improve the type safety, readability and flexibility of the code, and is suitable for limited collection scenarios such as status codes, colors or week.

Java supports asynchronous programming including the use of CompletableFuture, responsive streams (such as ProjectReactor), and virtual threads in Java19. 1.CompletableFuture improves code readability and maintenance through chain calls, and supports task orchestration and exception handling; 2. ProjectReactor provides Mono and Flux types to implement responsive programming, with backpressure mechanism and rich operators; 3. Virtual threads reduce concurrency costs, are suitable for I/O-intensive tasks, and are lighter and easier to expand than traditional platform threads. Each method has applicable scenarios, and appropriate tools should be selected according to your needs and mixed models should be avoided to maintain simplicity

There are three main differences between Callable and Runnable in Java. First, the callable method can return the result, suitable for tasks that need to return values, such as Callable; while the run() method of Runnable has no return value, suitable for tasks that do not need to return, such as logging. Second, Callable allows to throw checked exceptions to facilitate error transmission; while Runnable must handle exceptions internally. Third, Runnable can be directly passed to Thread or ExecutorService, while Callable can only be submitted to ExecutorService and returns the Future object to

JDK (JavaDevelopmentKit) is a software development environment for developing Java applications and applets. It contains tools and libraries required to compile, debug and run Java programs. Its core components include Java compiler (javac), Java runtime environment (JRE), Java interpreter (java), debugger (jdb), document generation tools (javadoc) and packaging tools (such as jar and jmod). Developers need JDK to write, compile Java code and develop with the help of IDE; without JDK, Java applications cannot be built or modified. You can enter javac-version and java-version in the terminal

JavaNIO is a new IOAPI introduced by Java 1.4. 1) is aimed at buffers and channels, 2) contains Buffer, Channel and Selector core components, 3) supports non-blocking mode, and 4) handles concurrent connections more efficiently than traditional IO. Its advantages are reflected in: 1) Non-blocking IO reduces thread overhead, 2) Buffer improves data transmission efficiency, 3) Selector realizes multiplexing, and 4) Memory mapping speeds up file reading and writing. Note when using: 1) The flip/clear operation of the Buffer is easy to be confused, 2) Incomplete data needs to be processed manually without blocking, 3) Selector registration must be canceled in time, 4) NIO is not suitable for all scenarios.

In Java, enums are suitable for representing fixed constant sets. Best practices include: 1. Use enum to represent fixed state or options to improve type safety and readability; 2. Add properties and methods to enums to enhance flexibility, such as defining fields, constructors, helper methods, etc.; 3. Use EnumMap and EnumSet to improve performance and type safety because they are more efficient based on arrays; 4. Avoid abuse of enums, such as dynamic values, frequent changes or complex logic scenarios, which should be replaced by other methods. Correct use of enum can improve code quality and reduce errors, but you need to pay attention to its applicable boundaries.