HashMap implements key-value pair storage through hash tables in Java, and its core lies in quickly positioning data locations. 1. First use the hashCode() method of the key to generate a hash value and convert it into an array index through bit operations; 2. Different objects may generate the same hash value, resulting in conflicts. At this time, the node is mounted in the form of a linked list. After JDK8, the linked list is too long (default length 8) and it will be converted to a red and black tree to improve efficiency; 3. When using a custom class as a key, the equals() and hashCode() methods must be rewritten; 4. HashMap dynamically expands capacity. When the number of elements exceeds the capacity and multiplies by the load factor (default 0.75), expand and rehash; 5. HashMap is not thread-safe, and Concu should be used in multithreaded

To deal with character encoding problems in Java, the key is to clearly specify the encoding used at each step. 1. Always specify encoding when reading and writing text, use InputStreamReader and OutputStreamWriter and pass in an explicit character set to avoid relying on system default encoding. 2. Make sure both ends are consistent when processing strings on the network boundary, set the correct Content-Type header and explicitly specify the encoding with the library. 3. Use String.getBytes() and newString(byte[]) with caution, and always manually specify StandardCharsets.UTF_8 to avoid data corruption caused by platform differences. In short, by

In Java, Comparable is used to define default sorting rules internally, and Comparator is used to define multiple sorting logic externally. 1.Comparable is an interface implemented by the class itself. It defines the natural order by rewriting the compareTo() method. It is suitable for classes with fixed and most commonly used sorting methods, such as String or Integer. 2. Comparator is an externally defined functional interface, implemented through the compare() method, suitable for situations where multiple sorting methods are required for the same class, the class source code cannot be modified, or the sorting logic is often changed. The difference between the two is that Comparable can only define a sorting logic and needs to modify the class itself, while Compar

There are three common methods to traverse Map in Java: 1. Use entrySet to obtain keys and values at the same time, which is suitable for most scenarios; 2. Use keySet or values to traverse keys or values respectively; 3. Use Java8's forEach to simplify the code structure. entrySet returns a Set set containing all key-value pairs, and each loop gets the Map.Entry object, suitable for frequent access to keys and values; if only keys or values are required, you can call keySet() or values() respectively, or you can get the value through map.get(key) when traversing the keys; Java 8 can use forEach((key,value)-&gt

InJava,thestatickeywordmeansamemberbelongstotheclassitself,nottoinstances.Staticvariablesaresharedacrossallinstancesandaccessedwithoutobjectcreation,usefulforglobaltrackingorconstants.Staticmethodsoperateattheclasslevel,cannotaccessnon-staticmembers,

To correctly handle JDBC transactions, you must first turn off the automatic commit mode, then perform multiple operations, and finally commit or rollback according to the results; 1. Call conn.setAutoCommit(false) to start the transaction; 2. Execute multiple SQL operations, such as INSERT and UPDATE; 3. Call conn.commit() if all operations are successful, and call conn.rollback() if an exception occurs to ensure data consistency; at the same time, try-with-resources should be used to manage resources, properly handle exceptions and close connections to avoid connection leakage; in addition, it is recommended to use connection pools and set save points to achieve partial rollback, and keep transactions as short as possible to improve performance.

TosetJAVA_HOMEonWindows,firstlocatetheJDKinstallationpath(e.g.,C:\ProgramFiles\Java\jdk-17),thencreateasystemenvironmentvariablenamedJAVA_HOMEwiththatpath.Next,updatethePATHvariablebyadding%JAVA\_HOME%\bin,andverifythesetupusingjava-versionandjavac-v

Virtual threads have significant performance advantages in highly concurrency and IO-intensive scenarios, but attention should be paid to the test methods and applicable scenarios. 1. Correct tests should simulate real business, especially IO blocking scenarios, and use tools such as JMH or Gatling to compare platform threads; 2. The throughput gap is obvious, and it can be several times to ten times higher than 100,000 concurrent requests, because it is lighter and efficient in scheduling; 3. During the test, it is necessary to avoid blindly pursuing high concurrency numbers, adapting to non-blocking IO models, and paying attention to monitoring indicators such as latency and GC; 4. In actual applications, it is suitable for web backend, asynchronous task processing and a large number of concurrent IO scenarios, while CPU-intensive tasks are still suitable for platform threads or ForkJoinPool.