在Java中選擇接口還是抽象類取決于設計需求，接口定義行為合同并支持多重繼承，適合不相關類的通用能力；抽象類提供共享邏輯和字段，適合緊密相關的類繼承。1. 接口用于定義方法合同（Java 8后可含默認和靜態(tài)方法），而抽象類可包含抽象與具體方法及實例變量。2. 類可實現多個接口但只能繼承一個抽象類，適用于需混合多種行為的場景。3. 接口字段默認public static final，方法默認public；抽象類支持各種訪問修飾符和非靜態(tài)非final字段。4. Java 8接口支持默認方法，便于API演進而不破壞現有實現；抽象類始終可添加帶實現的方法。5. 若需共享代碼、控制構造邏輯或聲明非靜態(tài)字段選抽象類，若需定義行為合同、多重繼承或未來擴展性則選接口，兩者亦可結合使用。

When you're working with Java and trying to design a system using object-oriented principles, one common decision point is whether to use an interface or an abstract class. The main difference lies in their usage: interfaces define behavior that classes can implement, while abstract classes provide a base for subclasses to build upon, potentially including both method definitions and implementations.

Let’s break this down into more digestible parts based on what developers usually care about when making this choice.

1. Definition and Purpose

Interfaces and abstract classes serve different architectural goals.

• Interfaces are all about defining a contract. They tell a class what methods it must implement but don’t provide any implementation themselves (prior to Java 8). From Java 8 onward, interfaces can include default and static methods.

  

• Abstract classes, on the other hand, are meant to be extended. They can have both abstract methods (without implementation) and concrete methods (with implementation). They often represent a shared base with some logic already baked in.

A real-world example:

• If you’re modeling shapes, an interface Resizable might require implementing a resize(double factor) method.
• An abstract class Shape could provide a getArea() abstract method, along with a concrete printDetails() method that outputs basic info.

2. Inheritance Model

Java allows multiple inheritance through interfaces, but not with abstract classes.

• A class can implement multiple interfaces, which makes them powerful when you want to mix in several behaviors.
• But a class can only extend one abstract class, due to Java's single inheritance model for classes.

So if you need your class to support logging, resizing, and serializing, using interfaces like Loggable, Resizable, and Serializable makes sense.

3. Access Modifiers and Fields

There are subtle but important differences in how each handles fields and access control.

• Interfaces can only have public static final fields by default (constants), and all methods are public unless specified as private (from Java 9 ).
• Abstract classes can have instance variables, non-static and non-final fields, and support all access modifiers like private, protected, etc.

This means:

• If you need to store state, an abstract class is more flexible.
• If you just need to enforce constants or behaviors across unrelated classes, interfaces are better suited.

4. Evolution and Default Methods

Before Java 8, adding a new method to an interface would break all existing implementations. Now, thanks to default methods, interfaces can evolve without breaking compatibility.

• Abstract classes have always been able to add new methods with implementations without breaking subclasses (as long as they’re not abstract).
• So, if backward compatibility matters and you're working with a widely used API, default methods in interfaces offer a modern solution.

For example:

public interface Vehicle {
    void move();

    default void honk() {
        System.out.println("Beep!");
    }
}

Now, any class implementing Vehicle doesn’t have to override honk() immediately.

5. When to Use Which?

Here’s a quick guide to help decide:

• ? Use an interface when:

  • You want to define a capability or behavior that can be implemented by unrelated classes.
  • You need multiple inheritance of type or behavior.
  • You're designing APIs that may change over time using default methods.

• ? Use an abstract class when:

  • You want to share code among closely related classes.
  • You need to declare non-static or non-final fields.
  • You want to control constructor logic that subclasses must follow.

You can even combine both — for example, having an abstract class that implements one or more interfaces.

Basically, the choice depends on your specific design needs. Both have their strengths, and sometimes using a mix gives you the most flexibility.

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