Go語言沒有像其他語言那樣的異常機(jī)制，而是通過defer、panic和recover來處理運(yùn)行時(shí)異常情況。使用panic可以觸發(fā)異常並停止當(dāng)前函數(shù)執(zhí)行，隨後開始棧展開，在此期間執(zhí)行任何defer函數(shù)；若要在棧展開時(shí)恢復(fù)執(zhí)行，可在defer函數(shù)中調(diào)用recover捕獲panic。此外，Go語言推薦使用多返回值進(jìn)行錯(cuò)誤處理，大多數(shù)函數(shù)會(huì)返回error類型作為最後一個(gè)返回值以明確表示錯(cuò)誤。最佳實(shí)踐包括：對(duì)預(yù)期的失敗場(chǎng)景使用錯(cuò)誤返回值，將panic用於真正異?；蚓幊体e(cuò)誤，避免將其用於常規(guī)控制流。在適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下，如初始化階段、Web框架和輸入驗(yàn)證中，使用panic/recover是合理的，但總體而言，Go鼓勵(lì)開發(fā)者編寫清晰明確的錯(cuò)誤處理邏輯。

Go doesn't have exceptions like other languages (Java, Python), so there's no direct equivalent to try-catch. However, Go provides a defer, panic and recover mechanism that can be used to handle abnormal conditions during runtime.

Use of panic and recover

In Go, panic is similar to throwing an exception, which immediately stops the execution of the current function and starts to unwind the stack. When the stack is unwound, any defer functions are executed. You can use recover in a deferred function to catch a panic and restore normal execution.

Here is a simple example:

 func safeDivision(a, b int) {
    defer func() {
        if r := recover(); r != nil {
            fmt.Println("recovered from", r)
        }
    }()

    if b == 0 {
        panic("division by zero")
    }

    fmt.Println(a / b)
}

Key points:

• panic triggers an exception.
• recover must be called inside a deferred function to take effect.
• If not captured by recover , the program will eventually crash.

Using multiple return values for error handling

Although panic / recover is available in Go, idiomatic Go code prefers explicit error checking using multiple return values. Most functions in Go return an error type as the last return value to indicate errors.

For example:

 func divide(a, b int) (int, error) {
    if b == 0 {
        return 0, fmt.Errorf("division by zero")
    }
    return a / b, nil
}

// usage
result, err := divide(10, 0)
if err != nil {
    fmt.Println("error:", err)
} else {
    fmt.Println("result:", result)
}

This approach makes error handling more predictable and easier to test. It also avoids the hidden control flow that comes with exception-like mechanisms.

Best practices:

• Use error return values for expected failure scenarios.
• Reserve panic for truly exceptional situations or programming errors (eg out-of-bounds access).
• Avoid using panic / recover for regular control flow unless necessary.

When to use panic/recover

There are some cases where using panic and recover is appropriate, such as:

• During initialization: If a critical resource fails to load, calling panic may be acceptable.
• In web frameworks: Some web frameworks use recover to catch panics and prevent them from crashing the entire server.
• Input validation: For APIs where invalid input should never happen, panic may be used during development to catch bugs early.

However, these uses are relatively rare compared to standard error returns.

Generally speaking, Go encourages developers to write clear and explicit error handling logic rather than relying on exception-style constructs.

基本上就這些。

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