Go處理字符串不可變性和UTF-8編碼的方式高效且符合現(xiàn)代編程需求。 1. Go中的字符串是不可變的字節(jié)序列，默認(rèn)為UTF-8編碼，一旦創(chuàng)建便無法更改，確保並發(fā)安全並優(yōu)化內(nèi)存使用；2. 若要修改字符串，需先轉(zhuǎn)換為[]byte或[]rune進(jìn)行操作，再生成新字符串；3. 字符串默認(rèn)支持Unicode，可直接包含Unicode字符，並在range循環(huán)中正確解碼為rune；4. 直接索引獲取的是字節(jié)而非字符，因此操作多字節(jié)字符時應(yīng)使用range或轉(zhuǎn)換為[]rune；5. 這些設(shè)計兼顧效率、安全性與靈活性，適用於系統(tǒng)級和國際化應(yīng)用。

Go handles string immutability and UTF-8 encoding in a way that's both efficient and consistent with modern programming needs, especially for systems-level work. In Go, strings are immutable sequences of bytes , and they are assumed to be UTF-8 encoded unless specified otherwise.

Strings Are Immutable

In Go, once a string is created, it cannot be changed. This design choice helps avoid unexpected behavior when strings are passed around or shared between different parts of a program.

• If you want to modify a string, you typically convert it into a slice of runes ( []rune ) or bytes ( []byte ), make your changes, and then create a new string from the result.

• For example:

   s := "hello"
  // s[0] = 'H' // This would cause a compile-time error
  b := []byte(s)
  b[0] = 'H'
  s = string(b) // Now s is "Hello"

This immutability makes strings safe to use concurrently and allows the compiler to optimize memory usage by reusing string data when possible.

UTF-8 Encoding Is the Default

Go was designed with Unicode in mind, and all string literals are UTF-8 encoded by default. That means:

• You can directly include Unicode characters in strings using either literal form (like café ) or escape sequences (like \u00e9 ).
• When you iterate over a string using a for range loop, Go correctly decodes each Unicode code point as a rune .

Here's how you might process a UTF-8 string:

 s := "g?phér"
for i, r := range s {
    fmt.Printf("Index: %d, Rune: %c\n", i, r)
}

This will print the correct byte index and rune at that position, properly handling multi-byte characters like ? .

However, if you index into a string directly (eg, s[2] ), you'll get the raw byte at that position—not the actual character—because strings are just byte slices under the hood. So always use range or convert to []rune if you need to manipulate individual characters.

Why These Choices Make Sense

The combination of immutability and UTF-8 by default gives Go some key advantages:

• Efficiency : Since strings are immutable, Go can store them without overhead for modification tracking.
• Safety : No risk of unintended side effects from changing shared string data.
• Clarity : With UTF-8 assumed throughout, there's less ambiguity about how text should be interpreted.
• Flexibility : While strings themselves are immutable and UTF-8 based, Go provides tools like []byte and []rune to work with them in mutable forms when needed.

These features help Go strike a balance between low-level control and high-level usability, particularly useful in networking, system programming, and internationalized applications.

So, basically, Go treats strings as read-only UTF-8 byte sequences, and offers straightforward ways to work with them safely or mutate them when necessary—just not directly.

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