<p>Go泛型的核心包括類型參數(shù)、類型約束和類型推斷。 1. 類型參數(shù)允許編寫適用於多種類型的函數(shù)或結(jié)構(gòu)體，例如func Max[T comparable](a, b T) T可處理任何支持比較的類型；2. 類型約束限制可用類型以確保操作有效，如使用comparable或自定義接口如type Number interface{int | float64}；3. 類型推斷讓Go根據(jù)傳入?yún)?shù)自動(dòng)確定類型，如調(diào)用Max(3, 5)無需顯式指定int。這些機(jī)制共同實(shí)現(xiàn)靈活且安全的通用編程。 </p> <p><img src="/static/imghw/default1.png" data-src="https://img.php.cn/upload/article/000/000/000/174922632356164.jpg" class="lazy" alt="Can you explain type parameters, type constraints, and type inference in Go Generics?"></p> <p> Sure! If you're getting into Go generics, you've probably run into terms like <strong>type parameters</strong> , <strong>type constraints</strong> , and <strong>type inference</strong> . These are the building blocks of writing generic code in Go, and they each play a specific role.</p> <p> Let's break them down one by one with practical examples and usage tips.</p> <hr> <h3 id="Type-Parameters-Writing-Code-That-Works-With-Any-Type"> Type Parameters: Writing Code That Works With Any Type</h3> <p> Type parameters let you write functions or types that can work with different data types without repeating code.</p> <p> For example, say you want to write a function that returns the larger of two values. Without generics, you'd need separate functions for <code>int</code> , <code>float64</code> , etc. With type parameters, you can write it once:</p><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> func Max[T comparable](a, b T) T { if a > b { return a } return b }</pre><p> Here, <code>T</code> is a type parameter. The function works for any type <code>T</code> as long as it supports comparison with <code>></code> .</p><ul><li> You declare type parameters inside square brackets right after the function name.</li><li> You can use multiple type parameters if needed (eg, <code>[K, V any]</code> ).</li><li> They allow you to define generic behavior without locking yourself into one concrete type.</li></ul><p> This is especially useful when writing utility functions or data structures like lists, maps, or trees that should be reusable across different types.</p><hr /><h3 id="Type-Constraints-Limiting-What-Types-Can-Be-Used"> Type Constraints: Limiting What Types Can Be Used</h3><p> You might have noticed the <code>comparable</code> part in the previous example. That's a <strong>type constraint</strong> — it tells Go what kinds of types are allowed for the type parameter.</p><p> Constraints ensure that your generic code only works with types that support certain operations. For instance:</p><ul><li> <code>comparable</code> means the type must support equality checks ( <code>==</code> , <code>!=</code> )</li><li> <code>constraints.Ordered</code> (from <code>golang.org/x/exp/constraints</code> ) allows numeric and string types that can be compared using <code><</code> , <code>></code> , etc.</li><li> You can define your own interface-based constraints</li></ul><p> Here's how you might define a custom constraint:</p><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> type Number interface { int | float64 } func Add[T Number](a, b T) T { return ab }</pre><p> In this case, <code>Number</code> is a constraint that allows either <code>int</code> or <code>float64</code> . This way, the <code>Add</code> function will accept only those two types.</p><p> Key points:</p><ul><li> Constraints help avoid invalid operations in generic code</li><li> Use standard library constraints where possible</li><li> Define your own when you need more control over acceptable types</li></ul><hr /><h3 id="Type-Inference-Letting-Go-Figure-Out-the-Type"> Type Inference: Letting Go Figure Out the Type</h3><p> When you call a generic function, you usually don't have to specify the type explicitly. Go can often infer it from the arguments you pass in.</p><p> For example:</p><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> result := Max(3, 5)</pre><p> Even though we didn't write <code>Max[int](3, 5)</code> , Go knows both arguments are integers and uses <code>int</code> as the type for <code>T</code> .</p><p> But sometimes Go can't infer the type, especially when there are no arguments or the arguments are ambiguous. Then you need to specify the type explicitly:</p><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> var x = SomeFunc[string]()</pre><p> Tips for working with type inference:</p> <ul> <li> It works best when argument types are clear and consistent</li> <li> Avoid mixing different types unless necessary</li> <li> When defining complex generic functions, test inference behavior to make sure users won't get stuck having to specify types manually</li> </ul> <hr> <p> Generics in Go give you the ability to write flexible, reusable code while keeping things safe and readable. Once you understand how type parameters, constraints, and inference work together, you can start building cleaner APIs and utilities.</p> <p> That's basically how these pieces fit together. Not magic — just tools to help you write better code.</p>

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