介紹

TypeScript 已成為建立可擴充 JavaScript 應(yīng)用程式的首選語言。在這份綜合指南中，我們將探索進階 TypeScript 概念，這些概念將增強您的開發(fā)技能並幫助您編寫更多類型安全的程式碼。

1. 進階類型系統(tǒng)功能

條件類型

理解複雜型別關(guān)係：

type IsArray<T> = T extends any[] ? true : false;
type IsString<T> = T extends string ? true : false;

// Usage
type CheckArray = IsArray<string[]>; // true
type CheckString = IsString<"hello">; // true

// More complex conditional types
type UnwrapPromise<T> = T extends Promise<infer U> ? U : T;
type ArrayElement<T> = T extends (infer U)[] ? U : never;

// Example usage
type PromiseString = UnwrapPromise<Promise<string>>; // string
type NumberArray = ArrayElement<number[]>; // number

模板文字類型

利用字串文字類型來提高型別安全性：

type HTTPMethod = 'GET' | 'POST' | 'PUT' | 'DELETE';
type APIEndpoint = '/users' | '/posts' | '/comments';

type APIRoute = `${HTTPMethod} ${APIEndpoint}`;

// Valid routes
const validRoute: APIRoute = 'GET /users';
const validRoute2: APIRoute = 'POST /posts';

// Error: Type '"PATCH /users"' is not assignable to type 'APIRoute'
// const invalidRoute: APIRoute = 'PATCH /users';

// Dynamic template literal types
type PropEventType<T extends string> = `on${Capitalize<T>}`;
type ButtonEvents = PropEventType<'click' | 'hover' | 'focus'>;
// Results in: 'onClick' | 'onHover' | 'onFocus'

2. 高級泛型

通用約束和預設(shè)值

建立靈活且類型安全的通用介面：

interface Database<T extends { id: string }> {
    find(id: string): Promise<T | null>;
    create(data: Omit<T, 'id'>): Promise<T>;
    update(id: string, data: Partial<T>): Promise<T>;
    delete(id: string): Promise<boolean>;
}

// Implementation example
class MongoDatabase<T extends { id: string }> implements Database<T> {
    constructor(private collection: string) {}

    async find(id: string): Promise<T | null> {
        // Implementation
        return null;
    }

    async create(data: Omit<T, 'id'>): Promise<T> {
        // Implementation
        return { id: 'generated', ...data } as T;
    }

    async update(id: string, data: Partial<T>): Promise<T> {
        // Implementation
        return { id, ...data } as T;
    }

    async delete(id: string): Promise<boolean> {
        // Implementation
        return true;
    }
}

映射類型和鍵重新映射

進階型別轉(zhuǎn)換：

type Getters<T> = {
    [K in keyof T as `get${Capitalize<string & K>}`]: () => T[K]
};

interface Person {
    name: string;
    age: number;
}

type PersonGetters = Getters<Person>;
// Results in:
// {
//     getName: () => string;
//     getAge: () => number;
// }

// Advanced key remapping with filtering
type FilteredKeys<T, U> = {
    [K in keyof T as T[K] extends U ? K : never]: T[K]
};

interface Mixed {
    name: string;
    count: number;
    isActive: boolean;
    data: object;
}

type StringKeys = FilteredKeys<Mixed, string>;
// Results in: { name: string }

3. 高級裝飾器

客製化物業(yè)裝飾師

建立強大的元資料驅(qū)動的裝飾器：

function ValidateProperty(validationFn: (value: any) => boolean) {
    return function (target: any, propertyKey: string) {
        let value: any;

        const getter = function() {
            return value;
        };

        const setter = function(newVal: any) {
            if (!validationFn(newVal)) {
                throw new Error(`Invalid value for ${propertyKey}`);
            }
            value = newVal;
        };

        Object.defineProperty(target, propertyKey, {
            get: getter,
            set: setter,
            enumerable: true,
            configurable: true,
        });
    };
}

class User {
    @ValidateProperty((value) => typeof value === 'string' && value.length > 0)
    name: string;

    @ValidateProperty((value) => typeof value === 'number' && value >= 0)
    age: number;

    constructor(name: string, age: number) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }
}

4. 進階實用程式類型

自訂實用程式類型

建立強大的類型轉(zhuǎn)換：

// Deep Partial type
type DeepPartial<T> = {
    [P in keyof T]?: T[P] extends object
        ? DeepPartial<T[P]>
        : T[P];
};

// Deep Required type
type DeepRequired<T> = {
    [P in keyof T]-?: T[P] extends object
        ? DeepRequired<T[P]>
        : T[P];
};

// Deep Readonly type
type DeepReadonly<T> = {
    readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P] extends object
        ? DeepReadonly<T[P]>
        : T[P];
};

// Example usage
interface Config {
    server: {
        port: number;
        host: string;
        options: {
            timeout: number;
            retries: number;
        };
    };
    database: {
        url: string;
        name: string;
    };
}

type PartialConfig = DeepPartial<Config>;
// Now we can have partial nested objects
const config: PartialConfig = {
    server: {
        port: 3000
        // host and options can be omitted
    }
};

5. 類型安全的 API 模式

具有類型安全性的建構(gòu)器模式

實作具有完整型別安全的建構(gòu)器模式：

class RequestBuilder<T = {}> {
    private data: T;

    constructor(data: T = {} as T) {
        this.data = data;
    }

    with<K extends string, V>(
        key: K,
        value: V
    ): RequestBuilder<T & { [key in K]: V }> {
        return new RequestBuilder({
            ...this.data,
            [key]: value,
        });
    }

    build(): T {
        return this.data;
    }
}

// Usage
const request = new RequestBuilder()
    .with('url', 'https://api.example.com')
    .with('method', 'GET')
    .with('headers', { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' })
    .build();

// Type is inferred correctly
type Request = typeof request;
// {
//     url: string;
//     method: string;
//     headers: { 'Content-Type': string };
// }

6. 進階錯誤處理

類型安全的錯誤處理

建立強大的錯誤處理系統(tǒng)：

class Result<T, E extends Error> {
    private constructor(
        private value: T | null,
        private error: E | null
    ) {}

    static ok<T>(value: T): Result<T, never> {
        return new Result(value, null);
    }

    static err<E extends Error>(error: E): Result<never, E> {
        return new Result(null, error);
    }

    map<U>(fn: (value: T) => U): Result<U, E> {
        if (this.value === null) {
            return new Result(null, this.error);
        }
        return new Result(fn(this.value), null);
    }

    mapError<F extends Error>(fn: (error: E) => F): Result<T, F> {
        if (this.error === null) {
            return new Result(this.value, null);
        }
        return new Result(null, fn(this.error));
    }

    unwrap(): T {
        if (this.value === null) {
            throw this.error;
        }
        return this.value;
    }
}

// Usage example
function divide(a: number, b: number): Result<number, Error> {
    if (b === 0) {
        return Result.err(new Error('Division by zero'));
    }
    return Result.ok(a / b);
}

const result = divide(10, 2)
    .map(n => n * 2)
    .unwrap(); // 10

結(jié)論

這些進階 TypeScript 模式展示了該語言在建立類型安全且可維護的應(yīng)用程式方面的強大功能。透過掌握這些概念，您將能夠更好地建立強大的應(yīng)用程序，充分利用 TypeScript 的類型系統(tǒng)的潛力。

其他資源

• TypeScript 文件

• TypeScript 深入探究

• TypeScript GitHub 儲存庫

在下面的評論中分享您對這些模式的體驗！您發(fā)現(xiàn)哪些進階 TypeScript 功能在您的專案中最有用？

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標籤：#typescript #javascript #webdevelopment #programming #typing

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