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Table of Contents
1. 重置 root 密碼
2. 檢查和修復文件系統(tǒng)
3. 修改系統(tǒng)配置文件
示例:修復損壞的 fstab 文件
結(jié)論
Home System Tutorial LINUX How to Boot Into Single User Mode in AlmaLinux 8/9

How to Boot Into Single User Mode in AlmaLinux 8/9

Apr 29, 2025 am 09:46 AM

AlmaLinux 8 和 9 的單用戶模式 (也稱為救援模式) 指南

單用戶模式是一個精簡的 Linux 環(huán)境,允許系統(tǒng)管理員執(zhí)行維護任務、排查問題和從系統(tǒng)故障中恢復。當您需要重置 root 密碼、修復配置錯誤、修復損壞的文件系統(tǒng)或調(diào)查阻止正常啟動的系統(tǒng)錯誤時,單用戶模式特別有用。

作為基于 RHEL 的發(fā)行版,AlmaLinux 8 和 9 通過 GRUB 引導加載程序提供了一種簡單的進入單用戶模式的方法。本指南將逐步解釋如何在 AlmaLinux 8 和 9 上進入單用戶模式。

什么是單用戶模式?

單用戶模式是 Linux 中的一種特殊引導模式,允許系統(tǒng)以最少的服務和僅一個 root shell 運行。與正常的單用戶模式不同,在單用戶模式下:

  • 只有 root 用戶有訪問權(quán)限。
  • 網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務被禁用。
  • 僅啟動必要的系統(tǒng)進程。
  • 系統(tǒng)在命令行模式下運行,沒有圖形界面。

由于系統(tǒng)在此模式下并非完全運行,因此它非常適合于排查關(guān)鍵問題和進行系統(tǒng)級更改。

步驟 1:訪問 GRUB 引導菜單

進入單用戶模式的第一步是訪問 GRUB 引導菜單,該菜單在系統(tǒng)完全啟動之前出現(xiàn)。

如果系統(tǒng)已開啟,請使用以下命令重新啟動:

reboot

系統(tǒng)開始重新啟動后,立即按“Esc”鍵(在某些系統(tǒng)上,可能是 Shift 鍵)。

How to Boot Into Single User Mode in AlmaLinux 8/9

您將看到一個屏幕,其中顯示 GRUB 菜單中可用的內(nèi)核列表,您現(xiàn)在可以使用箭頭鍵選擇要修改引導設(shè)置的內(nèi)核版本。

How to Boot Into Single User Mode in AlmaLinux 8/9

選擇內(nèi)核版本后,按“e”鍵編輯引導配置屏幕,您可以在其中修改內(nèi)核參數(shù)。

How to Boot Into Single User Mode in AlmaLinux 8/9

步驟 2:修改內(nèi)核引導參數(shù)

現(xiàn)在,我們需要添加一個特殊命令來指示系統(tǒng)進入單用戶模式而不是正常的單用戶模式。

找到以 linuxlinuxefi(如果您的系統(tǒng)使用 UEFI 引導)開頭的行。

<code>linux /vmlinuz-<version> root=/dev/mapper/almalinux-root ro quiet splash</version></code>

轉(zhuǎn)到此行的末尾并添加以下內(nèi)容:

<code>systemd.unit=rescue.target</code>

How to Boot Into Single User Mode in AlmaLinux 8/9

修改后,按 Ctrl + XF10 使用修改后的設(shè)置引導。

步驟 3:引導到單用戶模式

按下 Ctrl + XF10 后,系統(tǒng)將開始引導到單用戶模式。

  • 您將看到命令行界面而不是正常的登錄屏幕。
  • 系統(tǒng)將提示您輸入 root 密碼(在某些系統(tǒng)上,可能不需要)。
  • 輸入 root 密碼后,您將對系統(tǒng)擁有完全控制權(quán)。

How to Boot Into Single User Mode in AlmaLinux 8/9

步驟 4:執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)維護

現(xiàn)在您已進入單用戶模式,您可以執(zhí)行各種系統(tǒng)維護任務。以下是一些您可能需要執(zhí)行的常見操作:

1. 重置 root 密碼

如果您忘記了 root 密碼,可以使用以下命令重置:

passwd root

更改后,請確保通過運行以下命令更新 SELinux 策略(如果已啟用):

touch /.autorelabel

How to Boot Into Single User Mode in AlmaLinux 8/9

2. 檢查和修復文件系統(tǒng)

如果您的系統(tǒng)由于文件系統(tǒng)損壞而出現(xiàn)引導錯誤,請運行:

fsck -y /dev/mapper/almalinux-root

這將檢查并嘗試修復根分區(qū)上的錯誤。

3. 修改系統(tǒng)配置文件

如果錯誤配置阻止了正常引導,您可以編輯配置文件:

vi /etc/fstab

進行必要的更正并保存文件。

完成必要的維護任務后,重新啟動系統(tǒng)以正常啟動。

reboot

您的系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在將引導到其正常操作模式。

替代方法:引導到緊急模式

如果單用戶模式不起作用或您需要更低級別的故障排除環(huán)境,您可以使用以下命令修改任何現(xiàn)有的引導參數(shù):

<code>systemd.unit=emergency.target</code>

How to Boot Into Single User Mode in AlmaLinux 8/9

緊急模式提供的服務比單用戶模式更少,這對于深入故障排除很有幫助。

示例:修復損壞的 fstab 文件

如果 /etc/fstab 文件(控制文件系統(tǒng)如何掛載)配置錯誤或包含不正確的條目,則系統(tǒng)可能無法正常引導。

假設(shè)您手動編輯了 /etc/fstab 并添加了如下錯誤條目:

<code>/dev/sdb1 /mnt/data ext4 defaults 0 0</code>

但分區(qū) /dev/sdb1 不存在。

會發(fā)生什么?

  • 如果您正常引導,系統(tǒng)可能會在啟動期間掛起。
  • 如果您嘗試單用戶模式,它可能無法正確加載,因為在到達 shell 之前會讀取 /etc/fstab。

解決方案:引導到緊急模式

由于緊急模式僅加載最基本的系統(tǒng)服務,因此它會跳過在 /etc/fstab 中錯誤定義的文件系統(tǒng)的掛載,從而允許您修復問題。

結(jié)論

AlmaLinux 8/9 中的單用戶模式是一種強大的模式,允許管理員重置密碼、修復文件系統(tǒng)和修復配置錯誤。通過遵循這些步驟,您可以安全地引導到救援模式并有效地排查系統(tǒng)問題。

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