Machine learning algorithms only accept numerical input, so if we encounter categorical features, we will encode the categorical features. This article summarizes 11 common categorical variable encoding methods. 1. ONE HOT ENCODING The most popular and commonly used encoding method is One Hot Enoding. A single variable with n observations and d distinct values ??is converted into d binary variables with n observations, each binary variable is identified by a bit (0, 1). For example: the simplest implementation after coding is to use pandas' get_dummiesnew_df=pd.get_dummies(columns=[‘Sex’], data=df)2,

UTF8 encoded Chinese characters occupy 3 bytes. In UTF-8 encoding, one Chinese character is equal to three bytes, and one Chinese punctuation mark occupies three bytes; while in Unicode encoding, one Chinese character (including traditional Chinese) is equal to two bytes. UTF-8 uses 1~4 bytes to encode each character. One US-ASCIl character only needs 1 byte to encode. Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Armenian, and Hebrew with diacritical marks. , Arabic, Syriac and other letters require 2-byte encoding.

Large language models (LLMs) have the ability to generate smooth and coherent text, bringing new prospects to areas such as artificial intelligence conversation and creative writing. However, LLM also has some key limitations. First, their knowledge is limited to patterns recognized from training data, lacking a true understanding of the world. Second, reasoning skills are limited and cannot make logical inferences or fuse facts from multiple data sources. When faced with more complex and open-ended questions, LLM's answers may become absurd or contradictory, known as "illusions." Therefore, although LLM is very useful in some aspects, it still has certain limitations when dealing with complex problems and real-world situations. In order to bridge these gaps, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems have emerged in recent years. The core idea is

HTML itself cannot read text files directly, but this functionality can be achieved through back-end programming languages ??(such as PHP, Python, Java) or front-end JavaScript technology. The backend method uses PHP's file_get_contents() function to read the content from the text file and embed it into the HTML page. The front-end JavaScript method uses the Fetch API to send a GET request to a text file on the server, then parses the response content and displays it in an HTML page.

Common encoding methods include ASCII encoding, Unicode encoding, UTF-8 encoding, UTF-16 encoding, GBK encoding, etc. Detailed introduction: 1. ASCII encoding is the earliest character encoding standard, using 7-bit binary numbers to represent 128 characters, including English letters, numbers, punctuation marks, control characters, etc.; 2. Unicode encoding is a method used to represent all characters in the world The standard encoding method of characters, which assigns a unique digital code point to each character; 3. UTF-8 encoding, etc.

The coding rules are: 1. If the previous code is 0 and the current data bit is 0, the code is 0; 2. If the previous code is 0 and the current data bit is 1, the code is bipolar pulse (+A or - A), and the counter is increased by 1; 3. If the previous code is 1 and the current data bit is 1, the code is 0, and the counter is increased by 1; 4. If the previous code is 1, the current data bit is 0, The encoding method is determined based on the parity of the counter. If it is an even number, the encoding is (+B or -B). If it is an odd number, the encoding is zero level and the counter is cleared and so on.

PHP coding tips: How to generate a QR code with anti-counterfeiting verification function? With the development of e-commerce and the Internet, QR codes are increasingly used in various industries. In the process of using QR codes, in order to ensure product safety and prevent counterfeiting, it is very important to add anti-counterfeiting verification functions to the QR codes. This article will introduce how to use PHP to generate a QR code with anti-counterfeiting verification function, and attach corresponding code examples. Before starting, we need to prepare the following necessary tools and libraries: PHPQRCode: PHP

Hellofolks, my name is Luga, and today we will talk about technologies related to the artificial intelligence (AI) ecological field - GenAI. Facing the challenges of rapid technological innovation and differentiated business scenarios, traditional coding methods have begun to become acclimated and cannot fully cope with the growing demands. At the same time, emerging general-purpose GenAI (artificial intelligence technology) has great potential to meet this demand. As a representative of artificial intelligence technology, GenAI has begun to be widely used in all walks of life with its strong potential and capabilities. It can automatically learn and adapt to coding needs in different scenarios, greatly improving coding efficiency and quality. Through deep learning and model optimization, GenAI is able to accurately understand different