Essential Security Measures for MySQL Database Servers
Jul 15, 2025 am 01:50 AM
To ensure the security of the MySQL database server, the following key measures need to be taken: 1. Close unnecessary services and ports, ensure that MySQL only listens to intranet or local loopback addresses, and restricts access sources through firewalls or security groups; 2. Set up a strong password and reasonably allocate user permissions, disable anonymous users and remote root logins, and avoid excessive authorization; 3. Establish a regular backup mechanism and store the backup files in an independent location, and enable various logs for monitoring; 4. Timely update the MySQL and operating system version, pay attention to the official patches and test them to be deployed online. These basic but important steps can effectively improve database security.
The security of MySQL database server directly affects data integrity and privacy protection. If you are managing a MySQL server or are deploying a new database environment, some basic but critical security measures must be implemented.
Close unnecessary services and ports
Many default settings may be enabled after MySQL is installed by default, which are often too loose for production environments. The first thing to do is to close unnecessary services and ports.
- Make sure MySQL only listens to the intranet IP or local loopback address (127.0.0.1), rather than 0.0.0.0, to prevent direct external access.
- Check whether open ports on the server, such as 3306, allow only specific IP access, can be restricted through firewall or security group policy.
- If you use cloud services, be sure to configure security group rules to prohibit the public network from directly accessing the database port.
This step seems simple, but in many accidents, it is because the database is exposed to the public network and is easily attacked.
Set strong passwords and limit user permissions
MySQL's account permission system is very flexible, but it is also easy to be misused. Many people are used to using root users to connect remotely, which is a very dangerous approach.
- All users should use strong passwords and change them regularly. You can consider enabling the password complexity plugin validate_password.
- Do not give unnecessary permissions to the account used by the application, such as DROP, DELETE, or GRANT OPTION unless explicitly required.
- Delete anonymous users that exist by default and disable remote root login.
For example: a web application only needs to read and write a few tables, so create a user that can only access these tables, and do not give global permissions.
Common errors include:
- Use
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGESto all users - Set passwords to weak passwords such as 123456 and test123
- Forgot to delete test database
testand anonymous user
Regular backup and log monitoring
Data loss can be catastrophic, so the backup mechanism must be reliable. At the same time, logs can help you track abnormal behavior.
- Configure an automated backup process, such as using mysqldump or physical backup tools such as Percona XtraBackup.
- Store backup files in a separate location, preferably offline or off-site.
- Enable slow query logs, error logs, and even general logs to help troubleshoot problems and detect potential attacks.
It is recommended to combine monitoring systems (such as Prometheus Grafana) to view the database status in real time. Once a large number of failed login attempts occur, it can respond in a timely manner.
Updates and patch management cannot be ignored
MySQL official will release version updates and security patches regularly. Many people ignore this point and don’t think about escalating until a loophole appears.
- Keep the operating system and MySQL version within maintenance scope.
- Follow the official announcements and promptly fix known vulnerabilities.
- The test environment is first upgraded and verified, and then launched the production environment.
For example, some older versions have CVE vulnerabilities that, if not patched, may be exploited for escalation of authority or denial of service attacks.
Basically that's it. If these items are done well, the basic security of the MySQL server will be guaranteed. Although it doesn’t seem complicated, it is easy to be ignored.
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