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Table of Contents
How to properly insert and update JSON data
How to efficiently query JSON field content
How to use JSON and index more efficiently
Common misunderstandings and precautions
Home Database Mysql Tutorial Working with JSON data type in MySQL

Working with JSON data type in MySQL

Jul 08, 2025 am 02:57 AM
mysql json

MySQL supports JSON data types introduced since version 5.7 to handle structured and semi-structured data. 1. When inserting JSON data, you must use a legal format. You can use JSON_OBJECT or JSON_ARRAY functions to construct, or pass in the correct JSON string; 2. For updates, you should use JSON_SET, JSON_REPLACE, and JSON_REMOVE to modify some fields instead of the entire replacement; 3. For querying, fields can be extracted through JSON_CONTAINS, -> operators, and note that string values ??need to be double quoted; 4. It is recommended to create generated columns and index them to improve performance for frequently queried JSON fields; 5. When using JSON types, you should avoid problems such as replacing relational models, ignoring input verification, and misuse causing performance degradation. Rational use of JSON can take into account flexibility and query efficiency.

Working with JSON data type in MySQL

MySQL support for JSON data types are introduced since version 5.7, which makes it more flexible to handle structured and semi-structured data in relational databases. If you often need to store, query or operate data such as configuration information, nested objects, and dynamic fields, using JSON types will be more convenient than traditional multiple fields or separate tables.

Working with JSON data type in MySQL

Here are some key points and suggestions in actual use:

Working with JSON data type in MySQL

How to properly insert and update JSON data

The JSON type field of MySQL cannot be inserted directly into a string, and must be in a legal JSON format. You can use functions such as JSON_OBJECT and JSON_ARRAY to construct data, or you can directly pass in a correctly formatted JSON string.

Example:

Working with JSON data type in MySQL
 INSERT INTO users (id, info) VALUES
(1, '{"name": "Alice", "hobbies": ["reading", "coding"]}');

If the inserted illegal JSON, MySQL will report an error instead of automatically correcting it. Therefore, at the application layer, you must ensure that the written data is formatted correctly.

When updating JSON content, do not replace the entire JSON object as much as possible, but try to use built-in functions such as JSON_SET , JSON_REPLACE or JSON_REMOVE to modify some fields, which is more efficient and safer.

Common update methods:

  • JSON_SET(doc, path, value) : Set the value of a certain field (add it if it does not exist)
  • JSON_REPLACE(doc, path, value) : replace only existing fields
  • JSON_REMOVE(doc, path) : Delete the specified field

How to efficiently query JSON field content

Although JSON is "unstructured", you can still extract fields from it for conditional query. For example, find users with "coding" in all hobbies:

 SELECT * FROM users
WHERE JSON_CONTAINS(info->'$.hobbies', '"coding"');

Here are a few notes:

  • Use the -> operator to simplify path access, equivalent to JSON_EXTRACT
  • When querying string values, remember to wrap them with double quotes, otherwise it may not match (especially array elements)

If a JSON field is frequently queried, such as the user's region, status, etc., it is recommended to create a virtual column and index it, which can significantly improve performance.


How to use JSON and index more efficiently

MySQL does not allow indexing of JSON type fields directly, but you can create an index of the column by generating a Generated Column .

For example, suppose you want to do a query based on the city field in info , you can do this:

 ALTER TABLE users
ADD COLUMN city VARCHAR(100) GENERATED ALWAYS AS (info->>'$.address.city') STORED;

CREATE INDEX idx_city ON users(city);

This will enable you to speed up queries using indexes like normal fields.

What should be noted is:

  • Generated columns using STORED type take up disk space, but indexing is supported
  • If you just use it occasionally, you don't have to create an index to avoid over-design

Common misunderstandings and precautions

Many people are prone to fall into several misunderstandings when they first use the JSON type:

  • I mistakenly thought that JSON could replace the relational model : not all structures are suitable for placement in JSON, and the core business fields should still be disassembled as independent fields for query, sorting, and indexing.
  • No input legitimacy is verified : Although MySQL checks JSON legitimacy, the application layer is best to do a verification once to avoid runtime errors.
  • Abuse of JSON causes slow queries : Without a reasonable way to use indexes and extract fields, a large number of JSON queries can cause performance problems.

In general, the JSON type of MySQL is a very practical function, especially suitable for scenarios where fields are uncertain and structure changes frequently. As long as it is used reasonably, it can maintain flexibility and take into account query efficiency. Basically that's it.

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