The key to MySQL database backup and recovery is to ensure backup integrity, rapid recovery capabilities and verification mechanisms. 1. Choose the appropriate backup method: logical backup (mysqldump) is suitable for small data volume and cross-version migration, physical backup (such as Percona XtraBackup) is suitable for large data volume and low latency scenarios, file system or cloud snapshot is suitable for cloud environments, and it is recommended to use logical physical backup in combination. 2. Develop reasonable frequency and retention strategies: Transaction systems recommend incremental backups every day or every few hours. Content-based websites can provide full daily historical backups every week, retain daily backups for the last 7 days, first week of each month, and long-term backups at the end of the year, and automatically clean up old backups. 3. Ensure that the backup can be restored and tested regularly: restore it in the test environment once a quarter, check the integrity of master-slave structure, user permissions, etc., and execute SELECT query confirmation table exists, and stop applying writes before recovery. 4. Security isolation of backup storage location: Use independent NAS or object storage (such as S3), cross-regional or multi-computer room backup, enable encrypted storage, and the cloud database should also save additional copies. Only by doing a good job in recovery process, integrity verification and storage security can data security be ensured.

The key to backup and recovery of MySQL databases is to ensure that data is safe and can be restored quickly . Many people think that it is enough to backup regularly, but what is really important is whether the backup is complete, whether it can be restored quickly, and whether there is a verification mechanism. Here are some practical strategies suitable for most small and medium-sized application scenarios.

1. Choose the right backup method

MySQL provides a variety of backup methods, common ones include:

• Logical backup (mysqldump) : Suitable for situations where the data volume is small and requires cross-version migration.
• Physical backup (such as Percona XtraBackup) : Suitable for scenarios with large data volume and low latency requirements.
• File system snapshot or cloud service snapshot : suitable for cloud environments, fast, but may not be flexible enough when recovering.

Recommended combination: Use mysqldump to make logical backups once a week for physical backups, which takes into account flexibility and efficiency.

2. Develop a reasonable backup frequency and retention strategy

The more frequent the backup, the better, it must be determined according to business needs:

• If it is a transaction system, it is recommended to make incremental backups every day or even every few hours.
• If it is a content website, you can backup it once a day and keep historical backups every week.

In terms of retention time, common practices are:

• Daily backup in the last 7 days
• The first week of each month is reserved for one month
• Year-end backup long-term retention

Don't forget to add the function of automatically cleaning old backups in the script to prevent disk bursting.

3. Make sure backups are restored and tested regularly

Many people's backups are just "saved" and have not verified whether they can be restored. This is a big taboo.

You can do this:

• Select a backup file every quarter and restore it in the test environment.
• Check whether the recovered data is complete, especially the details such as master-slave structure, user permissions, etc.
• The recovery check steps are added to the automated script, such as performing several SELECT queries to confirm that the table exists after recovery.

A small detail: remember to stop the application writing before recovery to avoid data conflicts.

4. Backup storage locations must be secure and isolated

The backup file cannot be placed on the same hard disk as the database server, otherwise once the disk is damaged, the data and backup will hang up together.

Recommended practices:

• Use a standalone NAS or object storage (such as S3)
• Cross-regional or multi-computer room backup
• Enable encrypted storage to prevent sensitive information from leaking

If you are using a cloud database, you can enable the automatic backup function, but you also need to save an additional copy yourself to prevent any problems with the service provider.

Basically that's it. Backup seems simple, but the most easily overlooked areas are often the recovery process, backup integrity verification, and storage security. As long as these details are done, your MySQL data will have a solid line of defense.

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