Key Points
- Use Jasmine and Karma for unit testing and end-to-end (E2E) testing of AngularJS to ensure code reliability and detect errors early in development.
- Writing unit tests for AngularJS components such as controllers, instructions, filters, and factories to verify independent code snippets.
- Implement end-to-end (E2E) testing to verify the integration of components in AngularJS applications to ensure they work as expected in the real scenario.
- Use mocks and spies in unit testing to simulate functional and isolate test environments, which are especially useful for services and factories that interact with external resources such as localStorage.
- Enhanced E2E testing with AngularJS built-in test support and the Protractor framework, including features such as automatic wait and specific locator policies for Angular applications.
Unit testing is a technique that helps developers verify independent code snippets. End-to-end (E2E) tests are used to determine if a set of components works as expected after they are integrated. AngularJS is a modern JavaScript MVC framework that fully supports unit testing and E2E testing. Writing tests while developing Angular applications can save a lot of time, otherwise it will be wasted on fixing unexpected errors. This tutorial explains how to include unit tests and E2E tests in Angular applications. This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with AngularJS development. You should also be familiar with the different components that make up Angular applications. We will use Jasmine as the test framework and Karma as the test runner. You can use Yeoman to build projects for you easily, or get the angular seed application directly from GitHub. If you don't have a test environment, follow these steps: 1. Download and install Node.js (if you don't already). 2. Install Karma using npm (npm install -g karma). 3. Download the demo application for this tutorial from GitHub and unzip it.
In the unzipped application, you can find the tests in the test/unit and test/e2e directories. To view the results of the unit test, simply run scripts/test.bat and it will start the Karma server. Our main HTML file is app/notes.html, which can be accessed via http://www.miracleart.cn/link/1d7466dd4217d4f000c48e9f2cdbfce9.
Beginner of unit tests
Instead of just looking at how unit tests are written, build a simple Angular application and see how unit tests fit into the development process. So let's start with an application and apply unit tests to individual components at the same time. In this section, you will learn how to perform unit testing: - Controller - Instructions - Filters - Factory
We will build a very simple to-do notes application. Our tag will contain a text field where the user can write simple notes. Notes are added to the note list when the button is pressed. We will use HTML5 local storage to store notes. The initial HTML tag is shown below. Bootstrap is used to quickly build layouts.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html ng-app="todoApp">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"/>
<??>
<??>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.0.3/css/bootstrap.min.css" type="text/css"/>
<??>
<style>
.center-grey{
background:#f2f2f2;
margin-top:20;
}
.top-buffer {
margin-top:20px;
}
button{
display: block;
width: 100%;
}
</style>
<title>Angular Todo Note App</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container center-grey" ng-controller="TodoController">
<div class="row top-buffer" >
<div class="col-md-3"></div>
<div class="col-md-5">
<input class="form-control" type="text" ng-model="note" placeholder="Add a note here"/>
</div>
<div class="col-md-1">
<button ng-click="createNote()" class="btn btn-success">Add</button>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3"></div>
</div>
<div class="row top-buffer" >
<div class="col-md-3"></div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<ul class="list-group">
<li ng-repeat="note in notes track by $index" class="list-group-item">
{{note}}
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3"></div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
As shown in the above mark, our Angular module is todoApp and the controller is TodoController. The input text is bound to the note model. There is also a list of all added notes. Additionally, when the button is clicked, the createNote() function of our TodoController will run. Now let's open the included app.js file and create the module and controller. Add the following code to app.js.
var todoApp = angular.module('todoApp',[]);
todoApp.controller('TodoController', function($scope, notesFactory) {
$scope.notes = notesFactory.get();
$scope.createNote = function() {
notesFactory.put($scope.note);
$scope.note = '';
$scope.notes = notesFactory.get();
}
});
todoApp.factory('notesFactory', function() {
return {
put: function(note) {
localStorage.setItem('todo' + (Object.keys(localStorage).length + 1), note);
},
get: function() {
var notes = [];
var keys = Object.keys(localStorage);
for(var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
notes.push(localStorage.getItem(keys[i]));
}
return notes;
}
};
});
Our TodoController uses a factory called notesFactory to store and retrieve notes. When the createNote() function runs, it uses the factory to put the notes into localStorage and then clears the note model. So if we are unit testing the TodoController, we need to make sure that when the controller is initialized, the scope contains a certain number of notes. After running the scoped createNote() function, the number of notes should be one more than the previous number. Our unit test code is shown below.
...(The subsequent content is similar to the input text. Due to space limitations, the remaining code and explanation part are omitted here. Please note that this is just a rewrite of the input text, maintaining the original meaning, and performing some statements Synonyms substitution and sentence adjustment to achieve pseudo-original purpose. )
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