How to Create a Table with a Fixed Header and Fixed Column Using Only CSS

Problem

In an effort to display data in an organized manner, you're aiming to create an HTML table that features both a fixed header and a fixed first column. Yet, your exploration has uncovered a range of solutions that depend on JavaScript or jQuery, introducing potential drawbacks on mobile browsers due to less-than-ideal scrolling behavior. Hence, your pursuit now centers on finding a pure CSS solution.

Solution

Fortunately, the position: sticky property, supported in modern versions of Chrome, Firefox, and Edge, offers a way to achieve the desired behavior. You can combine it with overflow: scroll property to create a dynamic table with fixed header and column elements.

Steps

1. Container: Begin by placing your table inside a parent div and applying overflow: scroll to the div, thereby enabling scrolling.
2. Header and Column Stickiness: Leverage the position: sticky property along with top, right, or left values to specify which edges the table elements should adhere to.
3. First Column Header Stickiness: Utilize the property thead th:first-child to ensure that the first column's header remains fixed to the left edge.

Example

HTML Markup:

<div class="container">
  <table>
    <thead>
      <tr>
        <th></th>
        <th>headheadhead</th>
        <th>headheadhead</th>
        <th>headheadhead</th>
        <th>headheadhead</th>
        <th>headheadhead</th>
        <th>headheadhead</th>
        <th>headheadhead</th>
      </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
      <tr>
        <th>head</th>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th>head</th>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th>head</th>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th>head</th>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th>head</th>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th>head</th>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
        <td>body</td>
      </tr>
    </tbody>
  </table>
</div>

CSS:

div {
  max-width: 400px;
  max-height: 150px;
  overflow: scroll;
}

thead th {
  position: -webkit-sticky; /* for Safari */
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
}

tbody th {
  position: -webkit-sticky; /* for Safari */
  position: sticky;
  left: 0;
}

thead th:first-child {
  left: 0;
  z-index: 2;
}

thead th {
  background: #000;
  color: #FFF;
  z-index: 1;
}

tbody th {
  background: #FFF;
  border-right: 1px solid #CCC;
  box-shadow: 1px 0 0 0 #ccc;
}

table {
  border-collapse: collapse;
}

td,
th {
  padding: 0.5em;
}

This implementation allows you to scroll both vertically and horizontally while keeping the header and first column in place, providing an improved user experience for viewing tabular data.

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