php技巧篇：高質(zhì)量php代碼的50個(gè)實(shí)用技巧（下）
Mar 19, 2017 am 10:09 AM
這篇文章主要為大家分享了50個(gè)高質(zhì)量PHP代碼的實(shí)用技巧，大家必備的php實(shí)用代碼，感興趣的小伙伴們可以參考一下
接著上篇《高質(zhì)量PHP代碼的50個(gè)實(shí)用技巧必備（上）》繼續(xù)研究。
26. 避免直接寫(xiě)SQL, 抽象之
不厭其煩的寫(xiě)了太多如下的語(yǔ)句:?
<span style="color:#333333;font-family:''Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif'';">$query = "INSERT INTO users(name , email , address , phone) VALUES('$name' , '$email' , '$address' , '$phone')"; $db->query($query); //call to mysqli_query()</span>
這不是個(gè)建壯的方案. 它有些缺點(diǎn):
>>每次都手動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)義值
>>驗(yàn)證查詢(xún)是否正確
>>查詢(xún)的錯(cuò)誤會(huì)花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間識(shí)別(除非每次都用if-else檢查)
>>很難維護(hù)復(fù)雜的查詢(xún)
因此使用函數(shù)封裝:
<span style="color:#333333;font-family:''Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif'';">function insert_record($table_name , $data)
{
foreach($data as $key => $value)
{
//mysqli_real_escape_string
$data[$key] = $db->mres($value);
}
$fields = implode(',' , array_keys($data));
$values = "'" . implode("','" , array_values($data)) . "'";
//Final query
$query = "INSERT INTO {$table}($fields) VALUES($values)";
return $db->query($query);
}
$data = array('name' => $name , 'email' => $email , 'address' => $address , 'phone' => $phone);
insert_record('users' , $data);</span>看到了嗎? 這樣會(huì)更易讀和擴(kuò)展. record_data 函數(shù)小心的處理了轉(zhuǎn)義。最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是數(shù)據(jù)被預(yù)處理為一個(gè)數(shù)組, 任何語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤都會(huì)被捕獲。該函數(shù)應(yīng)該定義在某個(gè)database類(lèi)中, 你可以像 $db->insert_record這樣調(diào)用。查看本文, 看看怎樣讓你處理數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)更容易。類(lèi)似的也可以編寫(xiě)update,select,delete方法. 試試吧.
27. 將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)生成的內(nèi)容緩存到靜態(tài)文件中
如果所有的內(nèi)容都是從數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)獲取的, 它們應(yīng)該被緩存. 一旦生成了, 就將它們保存在臨時(shí)文件中. 下次請(qǐng)求該頁(yè)面時(shí), 可直接從緩存中取, 不用再查數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù).
好處:
>>節(jié)約php處理頁(yè)面的時(shí)間, 執(zhí)行更快
>>更少的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)查詢(xún)意味著更少的mysql連接開(kāi)銷(xiāo)
28. 在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中保存session
基于文件的session策略會(huì)有很多限制. 使用基于文件的session不能擴(kuò)展到集群中, 因?yàn)閟ession保存在單個(gè)服務(wù)器中. 但數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)可被多個(gè)服務(wù)器訪問(wèn), 這樣就可以解決問(wèn)題.
在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中保存session數(shù)據(jù), 還有更多好處:
>>處理username重復(fù)登錄問(wèn)題. 同個(gè)username不能在兩個(gè)地方同時(shí)登錄.
>>能更準(zhǔn)備的查詢(xún)?cè)诰€用戶(hù)狀態(tài).
29. 避免使用全局變量
>>使用 defines/constants
>>使用函數(shù)獲取值
>>使用類(lèi)并通過(guò)$this訪問(wèn)
30. 在head中使用base標(biāo)簽
沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)? 請(qǐng)看下面:
<head> <base href="http://www.domain.com/store/"> </head> <body> <img src="happy.jpg" /> </body> </html>
base 標(biāo)簽非常有用. 假設(shè)你的應(yīng)用分成幾個(gè)子目錄, 它們都要包括相同的導(dǎo)航菜單.
www.domain.com/store/home.php
www.domain.com/store/products/ipad.php
在首頁(yè)中, 可以寫(xiě):
<a href="home.php">Home</a> <a href="products/ipad.php">Ipad</a>
但在你的ipad.php不得不寫(xiě)成:
<span style="color:#333333;font-family:''Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif'';"><a href="../home.php">Home</a> <a href="ipad.php">Ipad</a></span>
因?yàn)槟夸洸灰粯? 有這么多不同版本的導(dǎo)航菜單要維護(hù), 很糟糕啊。因此, 請(qǐng)使用base標(biāo)簽.
<span style="color:#333333;font-family:''Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif'';"><head> <base href="http://www.domain.com/store/"> </head> <body> <a href="home.php">Home</a> <a href="products/ipad.php">Ipad</a> </body> </html></span>
現(xiàn)在, 這段代碼放在應(yīng)用的各個(gè)目錄文件中行為都一致.
31. 永遠(yuǎn)不要將 error_reporting 設(shè)為 0
關(guān)閉不相的錯(cuò)誤報(bào)告. E_FATAL 錯(cuò)誤是很重要的.
<span style="color:#333333;font-family:'Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif';">ini_set('display_errors', 1); error_reporting(~E_WARNING & ~E_NOTICE & ~E_STRICT);</span>
32. 注意平臺(tái)體系結(jié)構(gòu)
integer在32位和64位體系結(jié)構(gòu)中長(zhǎng)度是不同的. 因此某些函數(shù)如 strtotime 的行為會(huì)不同.
在64位的機(jī)器中, 你會(huì)看到如下的輸出.
<span style="color:#333333;font-family:''Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif'';">$ php -a
Interactive shell
php > echo strtotime("0000-00-00 00:00:00");
-62170005200
php > echo strtotime('1000-01-30');
-30607739600
php > echo strtotime('2100-01-30');
4104930600</span>但在32位機(jī)器中, 它們將是bool(false). 查看這里, 了解更多.
33. 不要過(guò)分依賴(lài) set_time_limit
如果你想限制最小時(shí)間, 可以使用下面的腳本:
<span style="color:#333333;font-family:''Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif'';">set_time_limit(30); //Rest of the code</span>
高枕無(wú)憂嗎? 注意任何外部的執(zhí)行, 如系統(tǒng)調(diào)用,socket操作, 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)操作等, 就不在set_time_limits的控制之下.
因此, 就算數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)花費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間查詢(xún), 腳本也不會(huì)停止執(zhí)行. 視情況而定.
34. 使用擴(kuò)展庫(kù)
一些例子:
>>mPDF — 能通過(guò)html生成pdf文檔
>>PHPExcel — 讀寫(xiě)excel
>>PhpMailer — 輕松處理發(fā)送包含附近的郵件
>>pChart — 使用php生成報(bào)表
使用開(kāi)源庫(kù)完成復(fù)雜任務(wù), 如生成pdf, ms-excel文件, 報(bào)表等.
35. 使用MVC框架
是時(shí)候使用像 codeigniter 這樣的MVC框架了. MVC框架并不強(qiáng)迫你寫(xiě)面向?qū)ο蟮拇a. 它們僅將php代碼與html分離.
>>明確區(qū)分php和html代碼. 在團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作中有好處, 設(shè)計(jì)師和程序員可以同時(shí)工作.
>>面向?qū)ο笤O(shè)計(jì)的函數(shù)能讓你更容易維護(hù)
>>內(nèi)建函數(shù)完成了很多工作, 你不需要重復(fù)編寫(xiě)
>>開(kāi)發(fā)大的應(yīng)用是必須的
>>很多建議, 技巧和hack已被框架實(shí)現(xiàn)了
36. 時(shí)常看看 phpbench
phpbench 提供了些php基本操作的基準(zhǔn)測(cè)試結(jié)果, 它展示了一些徽小的語(yǔ)法變化是怎樣導(dǎo)致巨大差異的.
查看php站點(diǎn)的評(píng)論, 有問(wèn)題到IRC提問(wèn), 時(shí)常閱讀開(kāi)源代碼, 使用Linux開(kāi)發(fā).
37. 如何正確的創(chuàng)建一個(gè)網(wǎng)站的Index頁(yè)面
創(chuàng)建每一個(gè)網(wǎng)站時(shí)，建立網(wǎng)站的index頁(yè)面是首要做的事情之一。如果你是一個(gè)PHP新手，在編寫(xiě)index頁(yè)面時(shí)典型的做法是只對(duì)index頁(yè)面所需的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行編程，其它鏈接創(chuàng)建另一個(gè)頁(yè)面。不過(guò)，如果想學(xué)習(xí)一種更高效的方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)PHP編程，可以采用“index.php?page=home”模式，許多網(wǎng)站都在采用這種模式。
38. 使用Request Global Array抓取數(shù)據(jù)
實(shí)際上我們沒(méi)有任何理由使用$_GET和$_POST數(shù)組來(lái)抓取數(shù)值。$_REQUEST這個(gè)全局?jǐn)?shù)組能夠讓你獲取一個(gè)get或form請(qǐng)求。因此，多數(shù)情況下解析數(shù)據(jù)的更高效代碼大體如下：
$action = isset($_REQUEST['action']) ? $_REQUEST['action'] : 0;
39. 利用var_dump進(jìn)行PHP代碼調(diào)試
如果你在尋找php調(diào)試技術(shù)，我必須說(shuō)var_dump應(yīng)該是你要找的目標(biāo)。在顯示php信息方面這個(gè)命令可以滿(mǎn)足你的所有需要。而調(diào)試代碼的多數(shù)情況與得到PHP中的數(shù)值有關(guān)。
40. PHP處理代碼邏輯，Smarty處理展現(xiàn)層
Smarty是一個(gè)使用PHP寫(xiě)出來(lái)的模板PHP模板引擎，是目前業(yè)界最著名的PHP模板引擎之一。它分離了邏輯代碼和外在的內(nèi)容，提供了一種易于管理和使用的方法，用來(lái)將原本與HTML代碼混雜在一起PHP代碼邏輯分離。簡(jiǎn)單的講，目的就是要使PHP程序員同前端人員分離，使程序員改變程序的邏輯內(nèi)容不會(huì)影響到前端人員的頁(yè)面設(shè)計(jì)，前端人員重新修改頁(yè)面不會(huì)影響到程序的程序邏輯，這在多人合作的項(xiàng)目中顯的尤為重要。
41. 的確需要使用全局?jǐn)?shù)值時(shí)，創(chuàng)建一個(gè)Config文件
動(dòng)輒創(chuàng)建全局?jǐn)?shù)值是一種糟糕的做法，不過(guò)有時(shí)候?qū)嶋H情況的確又需要這么做。對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)表或數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接信息使用全局?jǐn)?shù)值是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的想法，但不要在你的PHP代碼中頻繁使用全局?jǐn)?shù)值。另外，更好的一種做法是把你的全局變量存放在一個(gè)config.php文件中。
42. 如果未定義，禁止訪問(wèn)！
如果你正確的創(chuàng)建了頁(yè)面，那么任何其他人沒(méi)有理由訪問(wèn)index.php或home.php之外的index.php頁(yè)面。一旦index.php被訪問(wèn)后，你可以通過(guò)獲得變量的方式來(lái)打開(kāi)需要的頁(yè)面。你的index頁(yè)面應(yīng)該包含類(lèi)似的以下代碼：
define('yourPage',1);
然后，其它頁(yè)面應(yīng)該包含：
if (!defined('yourPage')) die('Access Denied');
這么做的目的是防止直接訪問(wèn)你的其它php頁(yè)面。這樣，任何試圖不通過(guò)index.php訪問(wèn)其它網(wǎng)頁(yè)的人，將得到“訪問(wèn)被拒絕”的消息。
43. 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)類(lèi)
如果你正在進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)編程（在PHP中非常常見(jiàn)的任務(wù)），一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的想法是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)類(lèi)來(lái)處理任何數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理功能。示例代碼如下：
public function dbExec($query)
{
$result = $this->db->exec($query);
if (PEAR::isError($result))
errorRedirect($result->getMessage(), true);
else
return $result;
}這個(gè)函數(shù)僅接收一個(gè)查詢(xún)語(yǔ)句并對(duì)其執(zhí)行。它還處理可能出現(xiàn)的任何錯(cuò)誤。你還可以在這兒包含審核代碼，不過(guò)我更喜歡使用一個(gè)類(lèi)似的審核函數(shù)：
// checks if arguments given are integer values not less than 0 - has multiple arguments
function sanitizeInput()
{
$numargs = func_num_args();
$arg_list = func_get_args();
for ($i = 0; $i < $numargs; $i++) {
if (!is_numeric($arg_list[$i]) || $arg_list[$i] < 0)
errorRedirect("Unexpected variable value", true);
}
}44. 一個(gè)php文件處理輸入，一個(gè)class.php文件處理具體功能
不讓代碼變得混亂的一個(gè)重要方法是：獲取用戶(hù)輸入后，將其重定向到其它函數(shù)來(lái)進(jìn)行處理。原理非常簡(jiǎn)單，php文件獲得我們需要的任何輸入，然后將其執(zhí)行重定向到類(lèi)文件中的一個(gè)函數(shù)。舉例來(lái)講，假設(shè)有一個(gè)類(lèi)似“index.php?page=profile&action=display”的URL。由profile.php來(lái)檢索該網(wǎng)址并得到操作是“display”。然后使用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的switch函數(shù)，我們來(lái)執(zhí)行真正的顯示函數(shù)：
require_once PROJECTROOT.'libs/messages.class.php';
$message = new Message();
switch ($action)
{
case 'display':
$message->display();
break;
...如上所示，我使用了一個(gè)消息類(lèi)，然后開(kāi)始進(jìn)行switch檢查。$message只是被類(lèi)中的調(diào)用函數(shù)使用的一個(gè)對(duì)象。
45. 了解你的SQL語(yǔ)句，并總是對(duì)其審查（Sanitize）
正如我以前所提到的，任何php網(wǎng)站中最重要的部分有99%的可能是數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。因此，你需要非常熟悉如何正確的使用sql。學(xué)會(huì)關(guān)聯(lián)表和更多高級(jí)技術(shù)。下面我將展示一個(gè)使用MySQL的函數(shù)示例，并使用本文第7條函數(shù)進(jìn)行審查。
private function getSentMessages($id)
{
$this->util->sanitizeInput($id);
$pm_table = $GLOBALS['config']['privateMsg'];
$users = $GLOBALS['config']['users'];
$sql = "SELECT PM.*, USR.username as name_sender FROM $pm_table PM, $users USR
WHERE id_sender = '$id' AND sender_purge = FALSE AND USR.id = PM.id_receiver AND is_read = TRUE
ORDER BY date_sent DESC";
$result = $this->dbQueryAll($sql);
return $result;
}首先，我們對(duì)用戶(hù)輸入進(jìn)行檢查（通過(guò)一個(gè)GET變量傳遞消息id），然后我們執(zhí)行我們的SQL命令。注意這兒SQL的用法。你需要了解如何使用別名和關(guān)聯(lián)表。
46. 當(dāng)你只需要一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)，使用單例模式
在PHP中相當(dāng)常見(jiàn)的一種情形時(shí)，我們只需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)對(duì)象一次，然后在我們的整個(gè)程序中使用它。一個(gè)很好的例子就是smarty變量，一旦被初始化后就可以在任何地方使用。這種情形的一個(gè)很好實(shí)現(xiàn)方案就是單例模式。示例代碼如下：
function smartyObject()
{
if ($GLOBALS['config']['SmartyObj'] == 0)
{
$smarty = new SmartyGame();
$GLOBALS['config']['SmartyObj'] = $smarty;
}
else
$smarty = $GLOBALS['config']['SmartyObj'];
return $smarty;
}注意，我們擁有一個(gè)全局smarty變量（該示例中它在config.php中被初始化），如果它的值為0，我們將創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新smarty對(duì)象。否則，它意味著該對(duì)象已經(jīng)被創(chuàng)建，我們只需要返回它。
47. 關(guān)于PHP重定向
方法一：header("Location:index.php");
方法二：echo"<script>window.location=\"$PHP_SELF\";</script>";
方法三：echo"
48. 獲取訪問(wèn)者瀏覽器
functionbrowse_infor()
{
$browser="";$browserver="";
$Browsers=array("Lynx","MOSAIC","AOL","Opera","JAVA","MacWeb","WebExplorer","OmniWeb");
$Agent=$GLOBALS["HTTP_USER_AGENT"];
for($i=0;$i<=7;$i++)
{
if(strpos($Agent,$Browsers[$i]))
{
$browser=$Browsers[$i];
$browserver="";
}
}
if(ereg("Mozilla",$Agent)&&!ereg("MSIE",$Agent))
{
$temp=explode("(",$Agent);$Part=$temp[0];
$temp=explode("/",$Part);$browserver=$temp[1];
$temp=explode("",$browserver);$browserver=$temp[0];
$browserver=preg_replace("/([\d\.]+)/","\1",$browserver);
$browserver="$browserver";
$browser="NetscapeNavigator";
}
if(ereg("Mozilla",$Agent)&&ereg("Opera",$Agent))
{
$temp=explode("(",$Agent);$Part=$temp[1];
$temp=explode(")",$Part);$browserver=$temp[1];
$temp=explode("",$browserver);$browserver=$temp[2];
$browserver=preg_replace("/([\d\.]+)/","\1",$browserver);
$browserver="$browserver";
$browser="Opera";
}
if(ereg("Mozilla",$Agent)&&ereg("MSIE",$Agent))
{
$temp=explode("(",$Agent);$Part=$temp[1];
$temp=explode(";",$Part);$Part=$temp[1];
$temp=explode("",$Part);$browserver=$temp[2];
$browserver=preg_replace("/([\d\.]+)/","\1",$browserver);
$browserver="$browserver";
$browser="InternetExplorer";
}
if($browser!="")
{
$browseinfo="$browser$browserver";
}
else
{
$browseinfo="Unknown";
}
return$browseinfo;
}
//調(diào)用方法$browser=browseinfo();直接返回結(jié)果49.獲取訪問(wèn)者操作系統(tǒng)
functionosinfo(){
$os="";
$Agent=$GLOBALS["HTTP_USER_AGENT"];
if(eregi('win',$Agent)&&strpos($Agent,'95')){
$os="Windows95";
}
elseif(eregi('win9x',$Agent)&&strpos($Agent,'4.90')){
$os="WindowsME";
}
elseif(eregi('win',$Agent)&&ereg('98',$Agent)){
$os="Windows98";
}
elseif(eregi('win',$Agent)&&eregi('nt5\.0',$Agent)){
$os="Windows2000";
}
elseif(eregi('win',$Agent)&&eregi('nt',$Agent)){
$os="WindowsNT";
}
elseif(eregi('win',$Agent)&&eregi('nt5\.1',$Agent)){
$os="WindowsXP";
}
elseif(eregi('win',$Agent)&&ereg('32',$Agent)){
$os="Windows32";
}
elseif(eregi('linux',$Agent)){
$os="Linux";
}
elseif(eregi('unix',$Agent)){
$os="Unix";
}
elseif(eregi('sun',$Agent)&&eregi('os',$Agent)){
$os="SunOS";
}
elseif(eregi('ibm',$Agent)&&eregi('os',$Agent)){
$os="IBMOS/2";
}
elseif(eregi('Mac',$Agent)&&eregi('PC',$Agent)){
$os="Macintosh";
}
elseif(eregi('PowerPC',$Agent)){
$os="PowerPC";
}
elseif(eregi('AIX',$Agent)){
$os="AIX";
}
elseif(eregi('HPUX',$Agent)){
$os="HPUX";
}
elseif(eregi('NetBSD',$Agent)){
$os="NetBSD";
}
elseif(eregi('BSD',$Agent)){
$os="BSD";
}
elseif(ereg('OSF1',$Agent)){
$os="OSF1";
}
elseif(ereg('IRIX',$Agent)){
$os="IRIX";
}
elseif(eregi('FreeBSD',$Agent)){
$os="FreeBSD";
}
if($os=='')$os="Unknown";
return$os;
}
//調(diào)用方法$os=os_infor();50. 文件格式類(lèi)
$mime_types=array(
'gif'=>'image/gif',
'jpg'=>'image/jpeg',
'jpeg'=>'image/jpeg',
'jpe'=>'image/jpeg',
'bmp'=>'image/bmp',
'png'=>'image/png',
'tif'=>'image/tiff',
'tiff'=>'image/tiff',
'pict'=>'image/x-pict',
'pic'=>'image/x-pict',
'pct'=>'image/x-pict',
'tif'=>'image/tiff',
'tiff'=>'image/tiff',
'psd'=>'image/x-photoshop',
'swf'=>'application/x-shockwave-flash',
'js'=>'application/x-javascript',
'pdf'=>'application/pdf',
'ps'=>'application/postscript',
'eps'=>'application/postscript',
'ai'=>'application/postscript',
'wmf'=>'application/x-msmetafile',
'css'=>'text/css',
'htm'=>'text/html',
'html'=>'text/html',
'txt'=>'text/plain',
'xml'=>'text/xml',
'wml'=>'text/wml',
'wbmp'=>'image/vnd.wap.wbmp',
'mid'=>'audio/midi',
'wav'=>'audio/wav',
'mp3'=>'audio/mpeg',
'mp2'=>'audio/mpeg',
'avi'=>'video/x-msvideo',
'mpeg'=>'video/mpeg',
'mpg'=>'video/mpeg',
'qt'=>'video/quicktime',
'mov'=>'video/quicktime',
'lha'=>'application/x-lha',
'lzh'=>'application/x-lha',
'z'=>'application/x-compress',
'gtar'=>'application/x-gtar',
'gz'=>'application/x-gzip',
'gzip'=>'application/x-gzip',
'tgz'=>'application/x-gzip',
'tar'=>'application/x-tar',
'bz2'=>'application/bzip2',
'zip'=>'application/zip',
'arj'=>'application/x-arj',
'rar'=>'application/x-rar-compressed',
'hqx'=>'application/mac-binhex40',
'sit'=>'application/x-stuffit',
'bin'=>'application/x-macbinary',
'uu'=>'text/x-uuencode',
'uue'=>'text/x-uuencode',
'latex'=>'application/x-latex',
'ltx'=>'application/x-latex',
'tcl'=>'application/x-tcl',
'pgp'=>'application/pgp',
'asc'=>'application/pgp',
'exe'=>'application/x-msdownload',
'doc'=>'application/msword',
'rtf'=>'application/rtf',
'xls'=>'application/vnd.ms-excel',
'ppt'=>'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint',
'mdb'=>'application/x-msaccess',
'wri'=>'application/x-mswrite',
);
5、php生成excel文檔
<?
header("Content-type:application/vnd.ms-excel");
header("Content-Disposition:filename=test.xls");
echo"test1\t";
echo"test2\t\n";
echo"test1\t";
echo"test2\t\n";
echo"test1\t";
echo"test2\t\n";
echo"test1\t";
echo"test2\t\n";
echo"test1\t";
echo"test2\t\n";
echo"test1\t";
echo"test2\t\n";
?>
//改動(dòng)相應(yīng)文件頭就可以輸出.doc.xls等文件格式了以上就是本文的全部?jī)?nèi)容，大家結(jié)合前一篇進(jìn)行深入學(xué)習(xí)，一定會(huì)有所收獲。
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