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git之一,git詳解之一
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git之一,git詳解之一

Jun 13, 2016 am 08:44 AM
git

git之一,git詳解之一

1、Git是什么
Git是一款免費(fèi)、開(kāi)源的分布式版本控制系統(tǒng),用于敏捷高效地處理任何或小或大的項(xiàng)目。

Git是一個(gè)開(kāi)源的分布式版本控制系統(tǒng),用以有效、高速的處理從很小到非常大的項(xiàng)目版本管理。Git 是 Linus Torvalds 為了幫助管理 Linux 內(nèi)核開(kāi)發(fā)而開(kāi)發(fā)的一個(gè)開(kāi)放源碼的版本控制軟件。

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2、Git特點(diǎn)
分布式相比于集中式的最大區(qū)別在于開(kāi)發(fā)者可以提交到本地,每個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)者通過(guò)克?。╣it clone),在本地機(jī)器上拷貝一個(gè)完整的Git倉(cāng)庫(kù)。

1)直接記錄快照,而非差異比較 : Git 更像是把變化的文件作快照后,記錄在一個(gè)微型的文件系統(tǒng)中。
2)近乎所有操作都是本地執(zhí)行 :在 Git 中的絕大多數(shù)操作都只需要訪問(wèn)本地文件和資源,不用連網(wǎng)。
3)時(shí)刻保持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)完整性 :在保存到 Git 之前,所有數(shù)據(jù)都要進(jìn)行內(nèi)容的校驗(yàn)和(checksum)計(jì)算,并將此結(jié)果作為數(shù)據(jù)的唯一標(biāo)識(shí)和索引。
4)多數(shù)操作僅添加數(shù)據(jù) :常用的 Git 操作大多僅僅是把數(shù)據(jù)添加到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

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3、集中版本控制
CVS及SVN都是集中式的版本控制系統(tǒng),而Git是分布式版本控制系統(tǒng)。

集中式版本控制系統(tǒng),版本庫(kù)是集中存放在中央服務(wù)器的,一起工作的人需要用自己的電腦從服務(wù)器上同步更新或上傳自己的修改。
但是,所有的版本數(shù)據(jù)都存在服務(wù)器上,用戶的本地設(shè)備就只有自己以前所同步的版本,如果不連網(wǎng)的話,用戶就看不到歷史版本,也無(wú)法切換版本驗(yàn)證問(wèn)題,或在不同分支工作。。

而且,所有數(shù)據(jù)都保存在單一的服務(wù)器上,有很大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)這個(gè)服務(wù)器會(huì)損壞,這樣就會(huì)丟失所有的數(shù)據(jù),當(dāng)然可以定期備份。

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4、分布式版本控制
那分布式版本控制系統(tǒng)與集中式版本控制系統(tǒng)有何不同呢?

分布式版本控制系統(tǒng)根本沒(méi)有“中央服務(wù)器”,每個(gè)人的電腦上都是一個(gè)完整的版本庫(kù),不需要聯(lián)網(wǎng)就可以工作。既然每個(gè)人電腦上都有一個(gè)完整的版本庫(kù),那多個(gè)人如何協(xié)作呢?比方說(shuō)你和同事在各自電腦修改相同文件,這時(shí),你們倆之間只需把各自的修改推送給對(duì)方,就可以互相看到對(duì)方的修改了。

分布式版本控制系統(tǒng)的安全性要高很多,因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人電腦里都有完整的版本庫(kù)。大家之間可以相互復(fù)制。

? ? 分布式版本控制系統(tǒng)通常也有一臺(tái)充當(dāng)“中央服務(wù)器”的電腦,但這個(gè)服務(wù)器的作用僅僅是用來(lái)方便“交換”大家的修改,沒(méi)有它大家也一樣干活,只是交換修改不方便而已。

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5、安裝Git
  最早Git是在Linux上開(kāi)發(fā)的,很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi),Git也只能在Linux和Unix系統(tǒng)上跑。不過(guò),慢慢地有人把它移植到了Windows上?,F(xiàn)在,Git可以在Linux、Unix、Mac和Windows這幾大平臺(tái)上正常運(yùn)行了。

在Linux上安裝Git:

  首先,你可以試著輸入git,看看系統(tǒng)有沒(méi)有安裝Git:

<span>1</span> $ git

  像上面的命令,有很多Linux會(huì)友好地告訴你Git沒(méi)有安裝,還會(huì)告訴你如何安裝Git。

  如果你碰巧用Debian或Ubuntu Linux,通過(guò)一條sudo apt-get install git就可以直接完成Git的安裝,非常簡(jiǎn)單。如果想查看是否安裝成功,通過(guò)git --version。

  如果是其他Linux版本,可以直接通過(guò)源碼安裝。先從Git官網(wǎng)下載源碼,然后解壓,依次輸入:./config,make,sudo make install這幾個(gè)命令安裝就好了。

安裝完成后,還需要最后一步設(shè)置,在命令行輸入:

<span>1</span> $ git config --global user.name "Your Name"
2 $ git config --global user.email "email@example.com"


因?yàn)镚it是分布式版本控制系統(tǒng),所以每個(gè)機(jī)器都必須自報(bào)家門:你的名字和Email地址。

注意git config命令的--global參數(shù),用了這個(gè)參數(shù),表示你這臺(tái)機(jī)器上所有的Git倉(cāng)庫(kù)都會(huì)使用這個(gè)配置,當(dāng)然也可以對(duì)某個(gè)倉(cāng)庫(kù)指定不同的用戶名和Email地址。

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