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oracle心得1--oracle簡(jiǎn)介

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:38 PM
oracle Experience Introduction

1. Oracle 簡(jiǎn)介 Oracle是殷墟出土的甲骨文(oracle bone inscriptions)的英文翻譯的第一個(gè)單詞 。 Oracle 公司是全球最大的信息管理軟件及服務(wù)供應(yīng)商,成立于1977 年,總部位于美國(guó)加州 Redwood shore;Oracle公司因其復(fù)雜的關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)產(chǎn)品而聞名。Oracle的關(guān)

1. Oracle 簡(jiǎn)介

Oracle是殷墟出土的甲骨文(oracle bone inscriptions)的英文翻譯的第一個(gè)單詞。Oracle公司是全球最大的信息管理軟件及服務(wù)供應(yīng)商,成立于1977年,總部位于美國(guó)加州 Redwood shore;Oracle公司因其復(fù)雜的關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)產(chǎn)品而聞名。Oracle的關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)是世界第一個(gè)支持SQL語(yǔ)言的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)

2. Oracle 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和 Oracle 實(shí)例

Oracle 服務(wù)器由兩大部分組成, Oracle 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和 Oracle 實(shí)例。

Oracle 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù): 位于硬盤(pán)上實(shí)際存放數(shù)據(jù)的文件, 這些文件組織在一起, 成為一個(gè)邏輯整體, 即為 Oracle 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù). 因此在 Oracle 看來(lái), “數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)” 是指硬盤(pán)上文件的邏輯集合, 必須要與內(nèi)存里實(shí)例合作, 才能對(duì)外提供數(shù)據(jù)管理服務(wù).

Oracle 實(shí)例: 位于物理內(nèi)存里的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu). 它由一個(gè)共享的內(nèi)存池和多個(gè)后臺(tái)進(jìn)程所組成, 共享的內(nèi)存池可以被所有進(jìn)程訪(fǎng)問(wèn). 用戶(hù)如果要存取數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(也就是硬盤(pán)上的文件) 里的數(shù)據(jù), 必須通過(guò)實(shí)例才能實(shí)現(xiàn), 不能直接讀取硬盤(pán)上的文件.

區(qū)別: 實(shí)例可以操作數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù); 在任何時(shí)刻一個(gè)實(shí)例只能與一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)關(guān)聯(lián); 大多數(shù)情況下, 一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)上只有一個(gè)實(shí)例對(duì)其進(jìn)行操作.

3. 注意

SQL 語(yǔ)言大小寫(xiě)不敏感;但where或having條件引號(hào)中的單詞大小寫(xiě)敏感;SQL 可以寫(xiě)在一行或者多行;關(guān)鍵字不能被縮寫(xiě)也不能分行;各子句一般要分行寫(xiě)。使用縮進(jìn)提高語(yǔ)句的可讀性。

乘除的優(yōu)先級(jí)高于加減;同一優(yōu)先級(jí)運(yùn)算符從左向右執(zhí)行。括號(hào)內(nèi)的運(yùn)算先執(zhí)行; 括號(hào)決定一切!

空值是無(wú)效的,未指定的,未知的或不可預(yù)知的值;空值不是空格或者0

4. 案例知識(shí)點(diǎn)分析

列的別名:

重命名一個(gè)列,便于計(jì)算。緊跟列名,也可以在列名和別名之間加入關(guān)鍵字‘AS’,別名使用雙引號(hào),以便在別名中包含空格或特殊的字符并區(qū)分大小寫(xiě)。

連接符:

把列與列,列與字符連接在一起。用 ‘||’表示??梢杂脕?lái)‘合成’列。

? 例子:

select deptno||dname from dept;

?

DEPTNO||DNAME????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

------------------------------------------------------??????????????????

10ACCOUNTING?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

20RESEARCH???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

30SALES??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

40OPERATIONS

?

字符串和日期:

字符串可以是 SELECT 列表中的一個(gè)字符,數(shù)字,日期。日期和字符只能在單引號(hào)中出現(xiàn)。每當(dāng)返回一行時(shí),字符串被輸出一次。字符和日期要包含在單引號(hào)中。

字符大小寫(xiě)敏感,日期格式敏感。默認(rèn)的日期格式是 DD-MON-RR。

行的去重復(fù):

? ???默認(rèn)情況下,查詢(xún)會(huì)返回全部行,包括重復(fù)行。在 SELECT 子句中使用關(guān)鍵字 ‘DISTINCT’ 刪除重復(fù)行。

例子:select distinct(job) from emp;

5. SQL 和 SQL*Plus

oracle心得1--oracle簡(jiǎn)介

oracle心得1--oracle簡(jiǎn)介

使用SQL*Plus可以:

描述表結(jié)構(gòu);編輯 SQL 語(yǔ)句;執(zhí)行 SQL語(yǔ)句。 將 SQL 保存在文件中并將SQL語(yǔ)句執(zhí)行結(jié)果保存在文件中。在保存的文件中執(zhí)行語(yǔ)句。將文本文件裝入 SQL*Plus編輯窗口。

6其它比較運(yùn)算

oracle心得1--oracle簡(jiǎn)介

使用 LIKE 運(yùn)算選擇類(lèi)似的值;

選擇條件可以包含字符或數(shù)字:% 代表零個(gè)或多個(gè)字符(任意個(gè)字符);_ 代表一個(gè)字符;‘%’和‘-’可以同時(shí)使用;可以使用 ESCAPE 標(biāo)識(shí)符 選擇‘%’和 ‘_’ 符號(hào);回避特殊符號(hào)的:使用轉(zhuǎn)義符。例如:將[%]轉(zhuǎn)為[\%]、[_]轉(zhuǎn)為[\_],然后再加上[ESCAPE ‘\’] 即可;使用 IS (NOT) NULL 判斷空值。

例子:

select * from emp where sal between 1000 and 2000;

 

EMPNO ENAME      JOB         MGR HIREDATE         SAL   COMM DEPTNO       

---------- ---------- --------- ----- -------------- ----- ------ ------ 

7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN   7698 20-2月 -81      1600    300     30 

7521 WARD       SALESMAN   7698 22-2月 -81      1250    500     30 

7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN   7698 28-9月 -81      1250   1400     30 

7844 TURNER     SALESMAN   7698 08-9月 -81      1500      0     30 

7876 ADAMS      CLERK      7788 23-5月 -87      1100            20 

7934 MILLER     CLERK      7782 23-1月 -82      1300            10 

                           

 

select * from emp where sal in(1250,1600);

EMPNO ENAME      JOB         MGR HIREDATE         SAL   COMM DEPTNO  

---------- ---------- --------- ----- -------------- ----- ------ ------ 

7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN   7698 20-2月 -81      1600    300     30 

7521 WARD       SALESMAN   7698 22-2月 -81      1250    500     30 

7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN   7698 28-9月 -81      1250   1400     30 

 

 

select * from emp where comm is null;

 

EMPNO ENAME      JOB         MGR HIREDATE         SAL   COMM DEPTNO       

---------- ---------- --------- ----- -------------- ----- ------ ------ 

7369 SMITH      CLERK      7902 17-12月-80       800            20 

7566 JONES      MANAGER    7839 02-4月 -81      2975            20 

7698 BLAKE      MANAGER    7839 01-5月 -81      2850            30 

                           

 

select * from emp where comm is not null;

 

EMPNO ENAME      JOB         MGR HIREDATE         SAL   COMM DEPTNO       

---------- ---------- --------- ----- -------------- ----- ------ ------ 

7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN   7698 20-2月 -81      1600    300     30 

7521 WARD       SALESMAN   7698 22-2月 -81      1250    500     30 

   

 

select * from emp where ename like 'A%';

EMPNO ENAME      JOB         MGR HIREDATE         SAL   COMM DEPTNO  

---------- ---------- --------- ----- -------------- ----- ------ ------ 

7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN   7698 20-2月 -81      1600    300     30 

7876 ADAMS      CLERK      7788 23-5月 -87      1100            20 

 

 

select * from emp where ename like '_L%';

EMPNO ENAME      JOB         MGR HIREDATE         SAL   COMM DEPTNO  

---------- ---------- --------- ----- -------------- ----- ------ ------ 

7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN   7698 20-2月 -81      1600    300     30 

7698 BLAKE      MANAGER    7839 01-5月 -81      2850            30 

7782 CLARK      MANAGER    7839 09-6月 -81      2450            10 

 

 

select job_id from jobs where job_id like 'ST\_%' escape '\';

JOB_ID

----------

ST_CLERK

ST_MAN


?

7. 優(yōu)先級(jí)

oracle心得1--oracle簡(jiǎn)介

可以使用括號(hào)改變優(yōu)先級(jí)順序

8. ORDER BY子句

使用 ORDER BY 子句排序

ASC(ascend): 升序

DESC(descend): 降序

ORDER BY 子句在SELECT語(yǔ)句的結(jié)尾。

可以使用不在SELECT 列表中的列排序

例子:

?

<span>select empno,d.deptno,ename,dname,sal from emp e,dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno order by sal asc,d.deptno desc;

 

     EMPNO DEPTNO ENAME      DNAME            SAL                                                   

---------- ------ ---------- -------------- -----                                                   

      7369     20 SMITH      RESEARCH         800                                                   

      7900     30 JAMES      SALES            950                                                   

      7876     20 ADAMS      RESEARCH        1100                                                   

      7521     30 WARD       SALES           1250                                                   

      7654     30 MARTIN     SALES           1250                                                   

      7934     10 MILLER     ACCOUNTING      1300                                                   

      7844     30 TURNER     SALES           1500                                                   

      7499     30 ALLEN      SALES           1600                                                   

      7782     10 CLARK      ACCOUNTING      2450                                                   

      7698     30 BLAKE      SALES           2850                                                   

      7566     20 JONES      RESEARCH        2975                                                   

 

     EMPNO DEPTNO ENAME      DNAME            SAL                                                   

---------- ------ ---------- -------------- -----                                                   

      7788     20 SCOTT      RESEARCH        3000                                                   

      7902     20 FORD       RESEARCH        3000                                                   

      7839     10 KING       ACCOUNTING      5000     
</span>


?

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