COALESCE()returnsthefirstnon-NULLvaluefromalistofexpressions,enablinggracefulhandlingofmissingdatabysubstitutingdefaults,mergingcolumnvalues,supportingcalculationswithoptionalfields,andprovidingfallbacksinjoinsandaggregations,ensuringpredictableresul

To add a primary key to an existing table, use the ALTERTABLE statement with the ADDPRIMARYKEY clause. 1. Ensure that the target column has no NULL value, no duplication and is defined as NOTNULL; 2. The single-column primary key syntax is ALTERTABLE table name ADDPRIMARYKEY (column name); 3. The multi-column combination primary key syntax is ALTERTABLE table name ADDPRIMARYKEY (column 1, column 2); 4. If the column allows NULL, you must first execute MODIFY to set NOTNULL; 5. Each table can only have one primary key, and the old primary key must be deleted before adding; 6. If you need to increase it yourself, you can use MODIFY to set AUTO_INCREMENT. Ensure data before operation

You can customize the separator by using the SEPARATOR keyword in the GROUP_CONCAT() function; 1. Use SEPARATOR to specify a custom separator, such as SEPARATOR'; 'The separator can be changed to a semicolon and plus space; 2. Common examples include using the pipe character '|', space'', line break character '\n' or custom string '->' as the separator; 3. Note that the separator must be a string literal or expression, and the result length is limited by the group_concat_max_len variable, which can be adjusted by SETSESSIONgroup_concat_max_len=10000; 4. SEPARATOR is optional

Using mysqldump is the most common and effective way to back up MySQL databases. It can generate SQL scripts containing table structure and data. 1. The basic syntax is: mysqldump-u[user name]-p[database name]>backup_file.sql. After execution, enter the password to generate a backup file. 2. Back up multiple databases with --databases option: mysqldump-uroot-p--databasesdb1db2>multiple_dbs_backup.sql. 3. Back up all databases with --all-databases: mysqldump-uroot-p

UNIONremovesduplicateswhileUNIONALLkeepsallrowsincludingduplicates;1.UNIONperformsdeduplicationbysortingandcomparingrows,returningonlyuniqueresults,whichmakesitsloweronlargedatasets;2.UNIONALLincludeseveryrowfromeachquerywithoutcheckingforduplicates,

The table can be locked manually using LOCKTABLES. The READ lock allows multiple sessions to read but cannot be written. The WRITE lock provides exclusive read and write permissions for the current session and other sessions cannot read and write. 2. The lock is only for the current connection. Execution of STARTTRANSACTION and other commands will implicitly release the lock. After locking, it can only access the locked table; 3. Only use it in specific scenarios such as MyISAM table maintenance and data backup. InnoDB should give priority to using transaction and row-level locks such as SELECT...FORUPDATE to avoid performance problems; 4. After the operation is completed, UNLOCKTABLES must be explicitly released, otherwise resource blockage may occur.

IFNULL()inMySQLreturnsthefirstexpressionifitisnotNULL,otherwisereturnsthesecondexpression,makingitidealforreplacingNULLvalueswithdefaults;forexample,IFNULL(middle_name,'N/A')displays'N/A'whenmiddle_nameisNULL,IFNULL(discount,0)ensurescalculationslike

To select data from MySQL table, you should use SELECT statement, 1. Use SELECTcolumn1, column2FROMtable_name to obtain the specified column, or use SELECT* to obtain all columns; 2. Use WHERE clause to filter rows, such as SELECTname, ageFROMusersWHEREage>25; 3. Use ORDERBY to sort the results, such as ORDERBYageDESC, representing descending order of age; 4. Use LIMIT to limit the number of rows, such as LIMIT5 to return the first 5 rows, or use LIMIT10OFFSET20 to implement paging; 5. Use AND, OR and parentheses to combine